ANTONYMS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE

What is Antonyms?
Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings
Example
1.Big-Small
2.Inside-Outside
3.Happy-Sad
4.Boy-Girl
5.Open-Close
6.Long-short
7.On-Under
8.Fast-Slow
9.Up-Down
10.Hot-Cold

Do you know? 
Antonyms are classified into different types
1.Gradable antonyms: these are antonyms that exist on a spectrum or continuum,such as hot-cold or Big-small.

2.Complementary antonyms: These are antonyms that are absolutely opposite, such as alive-dead or true-false

3.Relational antonyms: These are antonyms that are related to each other, such as teacher-student or buyer-seller or doctor-patient

Understanding antonyms is important for language learning, vocabulary building, and effective communication

FOR WATCHING VIDEO CLICK HERE

UHAKIKA WA VITABU VYA KUFUNDISHIA SECONDARY KIDATO CHA TATU NA KIDATO CHA NNE

 Pata vitabu vya kufundishia kwa kidato cha tatu na nne ambavyo vimechambuliwa kwa kina Kwa ajili ya kuwaweka wanafunzi vizuri pakua hapa.                

                                👇

                DOWNLOAD HERE

TECHNIC OF TEACHING ENGLISH

 Pata mbinu mbalimbali za kitaaluma zitakazo kuwezesha kufundisha kwa ustadi somo la English

Click here 

LIVING THINGS (ORGANISM)

Living things, also known as organisms, are entities that exhibit the characteristics of life. These characteristics include growth, reproduction, response to stimuli, metabolism, and the ability to maintain homeostasis. 

Characteristic of living things:

1. **Growth and Development**: Living things grow by increasing in size and often undergo development to reach maturity.

   - *Example*: A seed grows into a mature plant.

2. **Reproduction**: Living organisms have the ability to produce offspring, ensuring the continuation of their species.

   - *Example*: Animals can reproduce sexually or asexually.

3. **Response to Stimuli**: Organisms can respond to environmental changes or stimuli, such as light, temperature, and touch.

   - *Example*: A plant bending towards light (phototropism).

4. **Metabolism**: Living things carry out chemical reactions to maintain life, including breaking down nutrients for energy and synthesizing new molecules.

   - *Example*: Humans digest food to obtain energy.

5. **Homeostasis**: Organisms regulate their internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition.

   - *Example*: Humans maintain a constant body temperature.

6. **Cellular Organization**: All living things are composed of one or more cells, which are the basic units of life.

   - *Example*: Bacteria are single-celled organisms, while humans are multicellular.

Living things can be broadly categorized into different groups based on their characteristics:

1. **Animals**: Multicellular organisms that are usually mobile and obtain energy by consuming other organisms.Animals are a diverse group of living organisms that share certain characteristics, such as mobility, the ability to respond to stimuli, and the consumption of organic material for energy. 

Classification  of animals:

1. **Classification**: Animals can be classified into various groups based on their characteristics. The main categories include:

1. MAMMALIA

   - **Mammals**: Warm-blooded animals with fur or hair that give birth to live young and produce milk (e.g., humans, dogs, elephants).

   - **Birds**: Warm-blooded animals with feathers, beaks, and the ability to lay eggs (e.g., eagles, sparrows, penguins).

   - **Reptiles**: Cold-blooded animals with scaly skin that typically lay eggs (e.g., snakes, lizards, turtles).

   - **Amphibians**: Cold-blooded animals that can live both in water and on land, often undergoing metamorphosis (e.g., frogs, salamanders, newts).

   - **Fish**: Cold-blooded animals that live in water and have gills for breathing (e.g., sharks, salmon, goldfish).

The following below are  the main features that define mammals:

1. **Warm-Blooded (Endothermic)**: Mammals can regulate their body temperature internally, allowing them to maintain a constant body temperature regardless of the environment.

2. **Hair or Fur**: All mammals have hair or fur on their bodies at some stage of their life. This provides insulation and protection.

3. **Mammary Glands**: Female mammals possess mammary glands that produce milk to nourish their young.

4. **Three Middle Ear Bones**: Mammals have three tiny bones in the middle ear known as the malleus, incus, and stapes, which help in transmitting sound vibrations to the inner ear.

5. **Live Birth**: Most mammals give birth to live young (viviparous), although there are exceptions like monotremes (e.g., the platypus and echidna) that lay eggs.

6. **Four-Chambered Heart**: Mammals have a four-chambered heart, which allows for efficient circulation and separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.

7. **Diaphragm**: Mammals have a muscular diaphragm that aids in breathing by contracting and expanding the thoracic cavity.

8. **Differentiated Teeth**: Mammals possess different types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars, and molars) adapted for various functions such as cutting, tearing, and grinding food.

9. **Large Brains**: Mammals generally have larger and more complex brains compared to other animals, which allows for higher cognitive functions and complex behaviors.

10. **Internal Fertilization**: Fertilization in mammals occurs internally, and the developing embryo is usually supported within the mother's body until birth.

   - **Invertebrates**: Animals without a backbone, including insects, arachnids, mollusks, and crustaceans (e.g., butterflies, spiders, octopuses, crabs).

2. **Adaptations**: Animals have developed various adaptations to survive in their environments. These adaptations can be physical (e.g., camouflage, specialized limbs) or behavioral (e.g., migration, hibernation).

3. **Habitat**: Animals can be found in diverse habitats, from deep oceans and dense forests to arid deserts and polar ice caps. Each species is adapted to thrive in its specific environment.

4. **Diet**: Animals can be herbivores (plant-eaters), carnivores (meat-eaters), omnivores (both plant and meat-eaters), or detritivores (decomposers).

5. **Reproduction**: Animals reproduce in various ways, including sexual reproduction (requiring a male and female) and asexual reproduction (a single organism produces offspring).

6. **Communication**: Animals use various methods to communicate, such as vocalizations, body language, chemical signals, and visual displays.

7. **Behavior**: Animal behavior can be instinctual or learned and includes activities such as hunting, mating, nesting, and social interactions.

Animals play crucial roles in ecosystems, serving as predators, prey, pollinators, and decomposers. They contribute to the balance of nature and the health of the environment.

2.PLANT

2. **Plants**: Multicellular organisms that typically produce their own food through photosynthesis.

Plants are fascinating and diverse organisms that play a crucial role in our ecosystems and daily lives.

 Here are some key aspects of plants:

1. **Photosynthesis**: Plants are unique in their ability to produce their own food through photosynthesis. They use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to create glucose (a form of sugar) and oxygen. This process occurs in the chloroplasts, which contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

2. **Structure**: Plants have several main parts, each with specific functions:

   - **Roots**: Anchor the plant in the soil and absorb water and nutrients.

   - **Stems**: Support the plant and transport water, nutrients, and food between the roots and leaves.

   - **Leaves**: The main site of photosynthesis and gas exchange.

   - **Flowers**: Reproductive structures that produce seeds.

   - **Fruits**: Enclose and protect seeds, aiding in their dispersal.

Plants are incredibly diverse and can be categorized into different types based on their characteristics and life cycles. Here are the main types of plants:

1. **Flowering Plants (Angiosperms)**: These are the most diverse and widespread group of plants. They produce flowers and seeds enclosed within a fruit.

   - *Examples*: Roses, sunflowers, apple trees

2. **Non-Flowering Plants**: These plants do not produce flowers. They can be further divided into:

   - **Gymnosperms**: Produce seeds that are not enclosed in a fruit.

     - *Examples*: Pine trees, fir trees, cycads

   - **Ferns and Allies**: Reproduce via spores rather than seeds.

     - *Examples*: Ferns, horsetails, clubmosses

   - **Mosses and Liverworts**: Small, non-vascular plants that reproduce via spores.

     - *Examples*: Mosses, liverworts, hornworts

3. **Herbaceous Plants**: These plants have soft, green stems that die back at the end of the growing season. They can be annuals, biennials, or perennials.

   - *Examples*: Tulips (annuals), foxgloves (biennials), daisies (perennials)

4. **Woody Plants**: These plants have hard, woody stems that persist year after year. They include trees, shrubs, and vines.

   - **Trees**: Large plants with a single main trunk.

     - *Examples*: Oak trees, maple trees, eucalyptus

   - **Shrubs**: Smaller than trees, with multiple stems.

     - *Examples*: Azaleas, hydrangeas, holly

   - **Vines**: Plants that climb or trail along the ground.

     - *Examples*: Ivy, grapevines, morning glories

5. **Aquatic Plants**: These plants live in water or moist environments.

   - *Examples*: Water lilies, cattails, duckweed

6. **Succulents and Cacti**: These plants have thick, fleshy parts that store water, making them well-suited to arid environments.

   - *Examples*: Aloe vera, cacti, jade plant

Plants play essential roles in ecosystems, providing oxygen, food, and habitat for other organisms. 

3. **Fungi**: Organisms that absorb nutrients from organic matter, including molds, yeasts, and mushrooms.

4. **Protists**: A diverse group of single-celled or simple multicellular organisms, such as amoebas and algae.

5. **Bacteria**: Single-celled microorganisms that can be found in various environments.

6. **Archaea**: Single-celled organisms similar to bacteria but with distinct genetic and biochemical characteristics.

Plants are truly remarkable and play a vital role in sustaining life on our planet.

KINGA YA MWILI

Kinga ya mwili ni mfumo wa ulinzi wa mwili dhidi ya magonjwa na vijidudu. Mfumo wa kinga husaidia mwili kujikinga dhidi ya vimelea kama vile bakteria, virusi, fangasi, na vimelea wengine hatari. Kuna aina mbili kuu za kinga ya mwili:

1. **Kinga Asilia (Innate Immunity)**: Hii ni kinga ya awali ya mwili ambayo hufanya kazi haraka dhidi ya wadudu. Inajumuisha vizuizi vya kimwili kama vile ngozi na ute wa kamasi, vizuizi vya kikemikali kama vile asidi ya tumbo, na seli za kinga zinazoangamiza vimelea.

2. **Kinga ya Kichocheo (Adaptive Immunity)**: Hii ni kinga inayojitokeza baada ya mwili kukutana na vimelea maalum. Inahusisha uzalishaji wa kingamwili na seli za kinga ambazo hukumbuka vimelea maalum, hivyo basi kutoa ulinzi wa muda mrefu dhidi ya mashambulizi ya baadaye.

Mbali na hizo aina kuu, kuna kinga ya ziada kama:

- **Kinga ya Muda (Passive Immunity)**: Kinga inayopatikana kwa muda kupitia kingamwili kutoka chanzo kingine, kama vile mama kwa mtoto kupitia maziwa ya mama au kupitia bidhaa za damu zilizo na kingamwili.

- **Kinga ya Kudumu (Active Immunity)**: Kinga inayotokana na mwili kujitengenezea kingamwili baada ya kukutana na vimelea au kupitia chanjo.

 Hapa kuna sababu kadhaa zinazofanya kinga ya mwili kuwa muhimu:

1. **Kuzuia Magonjwa**: Mfumo wa kinga husaidia kuzuia maambukizi kwa kutambua na kushambulia vijidudu kama vile bakteria, virusi, na fangasi. Hii inapunguza hatari ya kuugua na kuimarisha afya ya mwili.

2. **Kupona Haraka**: Mfumo imara wa kinga husaidia mwili kupona haraka kutoka kwa maambukizi na magonjwa. Huweza kutambua na kuangamiza vijidudu kwa ufanisi, hivyo kupunguza muda na ukali wa magonjwa.

3. **Ulinzi wa Muda Mrefu**: Mfumo wa kinga ya kichocheo una seli za kumbukumbu ambazo hukumbuka vijidudu vilivyowahi kuvamia mwili. Hii inaruhusu mwili kujibu haraka na kwa ufanisi zaidi endapo vijidudu hivyo vitaingia tena, kutoa ulinzi wa muda mrefu.

4. **Kuzuia Saratani**: Mfumo wa kinga unaweza kutambua na kuangamiza seli zisizo za kawaida, ikiwa ni pamoja na seli za saratani, kabla hazijageuka kuwa uvimbe. Hii ni muhimu sana katika kuzuia maendeleo ya saratani.

5. **Mwitikio kwa Chanjo**: Chanjo huchochea mfumo wa kinga kuzalisha majibu ya kinga bila kusababisha ugonjwa. Mfumo wa kinga wenye afya unajibu kwa ufanisi kwa chanjo, kutoa kinga dhidi ya maambukizi maalum.

6. **Afya na Ustawi Jumla**: Mfumo wa kinga wenye nguvu huchangia afya na ustawi wa jumla kwa kuweka mwili huru kutokana na maambukizi na magonjwa. Pia husaidia kudhibiti msongo wa mawazo na kudumisha mazingira ya ndani yenye usawa.

Kukosa kinga ya mwili au kuwa na kinga dhaifu kunaweza kusababisha matatizo mbalimbali ya kiafya, kwani mwili unakuwa hauwezi kujikinga ipasavyo dhidi ya maambukizi na magonjwa. Hapa kuna madhara kadhaa yatokanayo na kukosa kinga ya mwili:

1. **Kuongezeka kwa Maambukizi**: Mwili unakuwa rahisi kushambuliwa na bakteria, virusi, fangasi, na vimelea vingine, na hivyo kusababisha maambukizi ya mara kwa mara kama vile mafua, homa, na maambukizi ya njia ya mkojo.

2. **Kupona Polepole**: Maambukizi na magonjwa yanaweza kuchukua muda mrefu kupona, na urejesho wa afya unakuwa wa polepole kutokana na uwezo mdogo wa mwili kupambana na vijidudu.

3. **Magonjwa sugu**: Upungufu wa kinga unaweza kusababisha maambukizi sugu na magonjwa yanayosumbua ambayo ni magumu kutibu na kudhibiti, kama vile maambukizi sugu ya njia ya upumuaji na utumbo.

4. **Maambukizi yanayoambatana na kinga dhaifu (Opportunistic Infections)**: Haya ni maambukizi yanayotokea mara nyingi na kuwa makali zaidi kwa watu wenye kinga dhaifu. Mifano ni pamoja na nimonia, kifua kikuu, na maambukizi ya fangasi.

5. **Magonjwa ya kingamwili (Autoimmune Disorders)**: Katika baadhi ya kesi, mfumo wa kinga unaweza kushambulia seli na tishu za mwili wenyewe, na kusababisha magonjwa ya kingamwili kama vile baridi yabisi (rheumatoid arthritis), lupus, na multiple sclerosis.

6. **Uwezekano wa Saratani**: Mfumo wa kinga unasaidia kutambua na kuangamiza seli zisizo za kawaida, ikiwa ni pamoja na seli za saratani. Kinga dhaifu inaweza kuwa na ufanisi mdogo katika kuzuia maendeleo na kuenea kwa saratani.

7. **Afya Duni ya Jumla**: Kukosa kinga ya mwili kunaweza kuchangia afya duni ya jumla, uchovu, na kupungua kwa ubora wa maisha kutokana na mapambano ya mara kwa mara na maambukizi na magonjwa.

Ni muhimu kudumisha mfumo mzuri wa kinga ili kuimarisha afya na kuzuia magonjwa. Lishe bora, mazoezi ya mara kwa mara, usingizi wa kutosha, na kudhibiti msongo wa mawazo ni mambo muhimu yanayosaidia kuimarisha kinga ya mwili. Ikiwa una maswali zaidi au unahitaji maelezo ya ziada, usisite kuniuliza!

BODY IMMUNITY

Immunity refers to the body's ability to defend itself against pathogens, such as bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substances. The immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body.

 There are two main types of immunity:

1. **Innate Immunity**: This is the body's first line of defense and is non-specific, meaning it responds to all pathogens in the same way. It includes physical barriers (like skin and mucous membranes), chemical barriers (such as stomach acid), and immune cells that attack invaders.

2. **Adaptive Immunity**: This type of immunity is specific and developed over time. It involves the production of antibodies by B cells and the activation of T cells that recognize and remember specific pathogens. This allows for a faster and stronger response upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen.

Within these two main categories, there are additional forms of immunity:

- **Passive Immunity**: Temporary immunity gained through antibodies from another source, such as mother to baby through breast milk or through antibody-containing blood products.

  

- **Active Immunity**: Long-lasting immunity developed after exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination, where the body produces its own antibodies.

 Here are some important aspects of immunity:

1. **Disease Prevention**: Immunity helps to prevent infections by recognizing and attacking pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. This reduces the risk of illnesses and keeps the body healthy.

2. **Faster Recovery**: A strong immune system can help the body recover more quickly from infections and illnesses. It efficiently identifies and destroys harmful invaders, minimizing the duration and severity of illnesses.

3. **Long-term Protection**: The adaptive immune system has memory cells that remember previous encounters with pathogens. This allows for a faster and more effective response if the same pathogen is encountered again, providing long-term protection.

4. **Cancer Prevention**: The immune system can detect and destroy abnormal cells, including cancerous cells, before they can develop into tumors. This is a crucial aspect of cancer prevention.

5. **Response to Vaccination**: Vaccines stimulate the immune system to produce a protective response without causing disease. A healthy immune system responds effectively to vaccines, providing immunity against specific infections.

6. **Overall Health and Well-being**: A strong immune system contributes to overall health and well-being by keeping the body free from infections and diseases. It also helps in managing stress and maintaining a balanced internal environment.

A weakened or compromised immune system can lead to a variety of health issues, as the body becomes less capable of defending itself against infections and diseases. Here are some potential effects of a lack of immunity:

1. **Increased Susceptibility to Infections**: With a weakened immune system, the body is more prone to infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other pathogens. Common colds, flu, and other infections may occur more frequently and with greater severity.

2. **Longer Recovery Times**: Infections may take longer to heal, and recovery from illnesses can be prolonged due to the body's reduced ability to fight off pathogens effectively.

3. **Chronic Illnesses**: A compromised immune system can lead to chronic infections and illnesses that are difficult to manage and treat, such as persistent respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and gastrointestinal infections.

4. **Opportunistic Infections**: These are infections that occur more frequently and are more severe in individuals with weakened immune systems. Examples include pneumonia, tuberculosis, and certain fungal infections.

5. **Autoimmune Disorders**: In some cases, a malfunctioning immune system may mistakenly attack the body's own healthy cells and tissues, leading to autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and multiple sclerosis.

6. **Cancer Susceptibility**: The immune system plays a role in detecting and destroying abnormal cells, including cancer cells. A weakened immune system may be less effective at preventing the development and spread of cancer.

7. **Overall Poor Health**: A lack of immunity can contribute to overall poor health, fatigue, and a decreased quality of life due to the constant battle with infections and illnesses.

Maintaining a healthy immune system is crucial for overall well-being. A balanced diet, regular exercise, adequate sleep, and stress management are important factors in supporting immune function. If you have any specific concerns about immunity or health, it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional.

MJENGO WA TUNGO KATIKA KISWAHILI

MJENGO WA TUNGO KATIKA KISWAHILI

Tungo ni kipashio cha kisarufi kilichoundwa kwa kuunganisha pamoja vipashio vidogovidogo vilivyo chini yake. Au Tungo ni neno au kikundi cha maneno ambacho hudokeza taarifa fulani ambayo huweza kuwa kamili au isiyo kamili. 
>Tungo hujengwa na vipashio vidogovidogo kama vile mofimu kuunda neno, neno kuunda kirai, kirai kuunda kishazi na kishazi kuunda sentensi.Kwa kawaida tungo huanzia neno.

AINA ZA TUNGO

Tungo neno: Tungo neno ni tungo ambayo huundwa na vipashio vidogo zaidi ya neno ambayo ni mofimu au fonimu.

Mfano;anacheza, kakimbia

Tungo kirai:Ni kipashio cha kimuundo chenye neno moja au zaidi lakini ambacho hakina Muundo wa kiima na kiarifu.

Mfano; mtoto mweusi, kiyama chale, bondeni

Tungo kishazi:Ni tungo yenye kitenzi ambacho chaweza kujitosheleza na kukamilisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na mzungumzaji au kuwa na kitenzi kisichoweza kujitegemea chenyewe. 

KIRAI NA UAINISHAJI WAKE

Dhana ya kirai itaeleweka kwa kuzingatia sifa zake zifuatazo

1. Kirai huwa ni kipashio cha kimuundo kisichokamilika yaani hakina Muundo wa kiima na kiarifu
2. Kirai huainishwa kimuundo kulingana na neno kuu la kirai husika
3. Kirai ni tungo,yaani ni aina moja wapo ya tungo, aina nyingine za tungo ni neno, kishazi na sentensi.
4. Kirai hudokeza maana, lakini maana hiyo si kamili
5. Maneno katika kirai lazima yapangwe kimantiki kwa mpangilio unaokubalika katika sarufi ya lugha husika

MAKUNDI YA KIRAI 

1. Kirai Nomino(KN);Ni kirai ambapo neno lake kuu ni nomino. Ni kirai ambacho Muundo wake umekitwa kwenye nomino na neno au mafungu ya maneno.
2. Kirai kitenzi (KT);Ni kirai ambacho kimekitwa katika kitenzi na neno au mafungu ya maneno. Hii inamaana neno lake kuu ni kitenzi.
3. Kirai kivumishi(KV);Ni kirai ambacho Muundo wake umekitwa katika kivumishi. Muundo huu huwa ni wa kivumishi na neno au mafungu ya maneno linaloandamanacho.
4. Kirai kielezi(KE); Tofauti na aina nyingine ya virai miundo ya virai vielezi haielekei kukitwa kwenye mahusiano ya lazima baina ya neno kuu (kielezi) na fungu la maneno linaloandamana nalo.
5. Virai viunganishi (KU);Ni kirai ambacho Muundo wake umekitwa katika mahusiano baina ya kwa na katika, au kwenye na fungu la maneno.

TUNGO KISHAZI 

Kishazi ni tungo yenye kitenzi ambacho chaweza kujitosheleza na kukamilisha ujumbe uliokusudiwa na mzungumzaji au kuwa na kitenzi kisichoweza kujitegemea chenyewe.

Sifa za kishazi

1. Kishazi hupatikana katikati/ndani ya sentensi
2. Kishazi lazima kiwe na kitenzi, sehemu yoyote ya sentensi isiyo na kitenzi haiwezi kuwa kishazi.Kishazi huru hutawaliwa na kishazi kikuu na kishazi kitegemezi hutawaliwa na kishazi kitegemezi.
3. Baadhi ya vishazi huweza kujitegemea kama sentensi hata vikiondoshwa katika muktadha wa sentensi kuu. Kinachoweza kijisimamia kama sentensi huitwa kishazi huru kikiwa ndani ya sentensi kuu na huitwa "Sentensi sahili" kikiwa sentensi inayojitegemea.
4. Baadhi ya vishazi haviwezi kujitegemea kama sentensi ikiwa vitaondoshwa katika muktadha wa sentensi kuu
5. Vishazi vingi hata vishazi huru huwa na kiima dhahiri
6. Kishazi kwa kawaida hasa kishazi huru huwa na kitenzi kimoja huru.
7. Kitenzi hicho huweza kuandamana na kitenzi kisaidizi, pia kitenzi katika kishazi huweza kuwa kitenzi kishirikishi.
8. Kishazi hutekeleza majukumu mbalimbali ya kisarufi
9. Tofauti ya kishazi na sentensi ni kwamba kishazi hupatikana ndani ya sentensi lakini sentensi hujisimamia kimuundo na kimaana. Kishazi huwa na kiarifu kimoja na kiima kimoja, lakini sentensi huweza kuwa na kiima kimoja

AINA ZA VISHAZI 

1. Vishazi huru: Kishazi huru ni kishazi kinachotawaliwa na kitenzi kikuu ambacho kwa kawaida hutoa ujumbe kamili usio hitaji maelezo zaidi ya kukamilisha maana. Hivyo hata vikiondoshwa katika muktadha wa sentensi huweza kujitegemea kama sentensi.
2. Vishazi vitegemezi: Kishazi kitegemezi ni kinachotawaliwa na kitenzi kisaidizi ambacho Muundo wake hukifanya kutegemea kitenzi cha kishazi huru ili kuweza kutoa ujumbe uliokusudiwa. Kishazi kitegemezi peke yake hakitoi ujumbe unaojitosheleza.

Sifa za kishazi kitegemezi

1. Kishazi kitegemezi hutoa maana kamili kinapoandamana na kishazi huru
2. Kishazi kitegemezi kinaweza kufutwa katika sentensi bila kuaribu maana ya sentensi nzima.
3. Kishazi kitegemezi hutambulishwa na viambishi vya utegemezi vinavyoambatanishwa kwenye kitenzi
4. Kishazi kitegemezi vile vile kinaweza kutambuliwa kwa kuwepo vishazi kama vile ingawa, kwamba,ili, kwa sababu,mzizi wa amba,mofu ya masharti nk.

Aina ya vishazi vitegemezi

a)vishazi tegemezi vivumishi

1.vishazi vitegemezi vinavyotokea pamoja na nomino inayovumishwa

2.Vishazi vitegemezi visivyoambatana na nomino inayovumishwa

b) Vishazi vitegemezi vielezi

1.vishazi tegemezi vya mahali

2.vishazi tegemezi vya wakati

3.vishazi tegemezi vya namna au jinsi

4.vishazi tegemezi vya masharti

5.vishazi tegemezi vya hali,hitilafu,

UFAFANUZI WA AINA ZA TUNGO

1.SENTENSI

Sentensi ni kifungu cha maneno kuanzia neno moja na kuendelea chenye Muundo wa kiima na kiarifu na kinacholeta maana kamili

Sifa za sentensi 

>Sentensi lazima iwe na mpangilio wa maneno ambao unakubalika na wazungumzaji wa lugha husika.

1. sentensi lazima ikamilike kimaana, kimuundo, na kisarufi 
2. Sentensi huwa na Muundo wa kiima na kiarifu/huwa na kirai Nomino na kirai kitenzi
3. Sentensi huweza kuwa na zaidi ya kiima kimoja na kiarifu kimoja au zaidi
4. Sentensi inaweza kuundwa na kitenzi kikuu kimoja au zaidi
5. Sentensi inaweza kuundwa na kishazi huru kimoja au zaidi kishazi kitegemezi kimoja au zaidi
6. Sentensi huonyesha hali mbalimbali kama vile amri, ombi, mshangao, swali n.k

Sentensi inakuwa na vipengele vifuatavyo. 

a)Kiima:Ni sehemu katika sentensi ambayo hujaza sehemu ya mtenda au mtendwa wa jambo linaloelezwa. Katika tungo kiima hutokea kushoto mwa kitenzi.

b) Kiarifu:Ni sehemu katika sentensi inayojazwa na maneno yanayo arifu tendo lililofanywa, linapofanywa, au litakapofanywa. Kiarifu ndiyo sehemu muhimu zaidi katika sentensi ambayo wakati mwingine huweza kusimama pekee, na wakati mwingine huchukua viwakilishi vya kiima.

AINA ZA SENTENSI

1.SENTENSI SAHILI

Ni sentensi ambayo huundwa na kishazi huru kimoja.sentensi ya aina hii huwa inaelezea taarifa moja tu.

Mfano: 

-wanafunzi wanafanya mtihani

-Walinzi walitaka kunizuia nisiingie ndani

Muundo wa sentensi sahili

1.muundo wa kitenzi kikuu(T) pekee.

mfano:Gari limeanguka

2.Muundo wa kitenzi kikuu (T) na kitenzi kisaidizi(Ts)

Mfano:Juma alitaka(Ts) nisipate (T) utajiri

3.Muundo wa vira-tenzi vilivyokitwa katika kitenzi "kuwa": mfano John amekuwa akiangalia Tv kwa muda mrefu sana

Muundo wa kitenzi kishirikishi

Mfano: Kiswahili ni tunu ya Taifa

Sifa za sentensi sahili 

• .Ina kiima ambacho kimetajwa wazi au kimeachwa kutajwa kwa kuwa kinaeleweka
• Ina kiarifu ambacho kimeundwa na kitenzi kikuu kimoja au kitenzi kikuu kisaidizi au kitenzi kishirikishi na kijalizo na chagizo.
• Haifungamani na sentensi nyingine na hivi inajitosheleza kimuundo na kimaana

2.SENTENSI CHANGAMANO

Hii ni sentensi ambayo huundwa na kishazi huru kimoja au zaidi na kishazi kitegemezi kimoja au zaidi.

sifa kubwa ya sentensi changamano ni kuwa na kishazi kitegemezi ambacho hutegemea kishazi kingine huru ndani ya sentensi hiyo.Msingi muhimu wa uhusiano ndani ya sentensi hizo ni ule wa kishazi kimoja kutegemea kingine.

NB: Sentensi changamano ina Muundo wenye vishazi virejeshi.

Mfano:Gari lililopinduka jana jioni halikuharibika hata kidogo

3.SENTENSI AMBATANO

Ni aina ya sentensi ambayo huundwa kwa vishazi viwili au zaidi pamoja na kiunganishi hicho ndipo hufanya kazi ya kuunganisha vishazi Hivyo viunganishi ni kama vile lakini,wala,au,na,nk

MUUNDO WA SENTENSI AMBATANO( AMBATANI)

(i) sentensi sahili na sentensi sahili

Mfano: Baba analima na Mama anapanda

(ii) sentensi sahili na sentensi changamano

Mfano: mwalimu anafundisha lakini wanafunzi anaowafundisha wanacheza.

(iii) Miundo yenye sentensi changamano tu

Mfano:Barabara zilizojengwa na wakoloni zimedumu hadi leo wakati zile zilizojengwa na wachina hata mwezi hazifikishi.

4.SENTENSI SHURUTIA

Ni sentensi ambayo huundwa kwa mofimu za masharti kama vile kinge,ngali,pamoja na ngeli,asingali

Mfano:

-Juma angelisoma kwa bidii angelifahulu mitihani

 -Mwalimu angechelewa kidogo wanafunzi wangeumizana

Kwa mawasiliano juu ya matini ya kufundishia

             Whatsapp no 0768569349 tuma SMS usipige

BAGAMOYO ARTS AND CULTURE FESTIVAL

Bagamoyo Arts and Culture Festival is a gathering of artists and culture lovers in Bagamoyo who come together to celebrate. It is a fantastic  event held in Bagamoyo, a small town in the Coast Region of Tanzania. The festival features music, dance, drama, acrobatics and many other related activities.The festival started in 1982 when students and teachers at the then Bagamoyo College of Arts displayed their works. In the beginning, it was held under the shade of tree, but nowadays, it is staged at the new TaSUBa Theatre. The venue has 2000 seats and modern sound and lighting facilities.

The festival has grown to host a variety of activities from many different countries. It focuses on music and drama from Tanzania and other East African countries. It shows both traditional and modern performances. These include Ngoma, Afro-jazz, Bongo flava, Reggae, African fusion and Taarabu.

This important event brings upcoming and established artists together to share their experiences. It also promotes tourism in the country, as many people from all over the world come to the events. This contributes to the revenues of the country from visas, lodging, transport and food. The festival also promotes

Tanzanian culture, especially the Kiswahili language.

RHYMING WORDS

What is rhyming words?
**Rhyming words**Are words that have the same ending sound.They help children to develop phonological awareness, language skills and reading abilities.
Example of rhyming words are 
i)Cat/hat
ii)Hot/not
iii)dip/hip
iv)sun/fan
Incorporate rhyming words into your teaching and watch your students language skills soar

AINA TATU ZA WATU KATIKA MAISHA

JIFUNZE AINA TATU ZA WATU KWENYE MAISHA YAKO

Katika maisha kuna aina nyingi za watu , leo nitakupa aina tatu za watu ambazo zinaweza kuwa msaada kwenye maisha yako kwa namna moja au nyingine.

1.Leaf People (Watu Majani).

Hii ni aina ya watu ambao wanakuja kwenye maisha yako kwa kipindi fulani tuu. Hawa ni watu ambao hautakiwi kuwategemea, Ni watu dhaifu sana. Maranyingi wanakuja kuchukua wanachokitaka na kukitamani kutoka kwako na wanaondoka.

2.Branch People (Watu matawi)

Hawa ni aina ya watu ambao ni imara sana, lakini huwa wanaondoka maisha yakiwa magumu. Nao watakaa na wewe kwa kipindi fulani na kuondoka maisha yakiwa magumu.

3.Root People(Watu Mizizi).

Hawa ni watu wa muhimu sana, huwa hawafanyi vitu vikaonekana kwa watu.

Wapo na wewe vipindi vyote vigumu na vyepesi, watakusaidia kusimama nyakati ngumu ambazo hata maji amna na unakiu kali sana.

Pia cha ajabu hawa watu huwa hawasemi kuwa wapo nawe na huwa hawagunduliki kirahisi.

Wanakuwa wanakupenda sana ila hawasemi.Ebu jitahidi uwagundue. Wakati mwingine ni watu wa kujitokeza sana kwenye majanga yako

Hawaishi na wewe kutokana na cheo, au nafasi fulani uliyo nayo katika maisha bali huwa na wewe kutokana na jinsi ulivyo.

Jiulize je!! Ni aina gani ya watu walio kuzunguka kati ya hawa. Watu majani, Watu Matawi na Watu Mizizi.????