The Industrial Revolution was a transformative period from the late 18th to the early 19th centuries, marked by a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones¹². Here are some key aspects:
### Causes
1. **Technological Innovations**: Inventions like the steam engine, spinning jenny, and power loom revolutionized production processes¹.
2. **Economic Factors**: The rise of capitalism and the availability of capital for investment in new technologies and factories².
3. **Agricultural Improvements**: Advances in farming techniques increased food production, supporting a growing population and freeing labor for industrial work².
4. **Natural Resources**: Abundant coal and iron ore in Britain provided the raw materials needed for industrialization¹.
### Effects
1. **Urbanization**: Massive migration from rural areas to cities as people sought work in factories².
2. **Economic Growth**: Significant increases in productivity and economic output¹.
3. **Social Changes**: The rise of a new industrial working class and the expansion of the middle class².
4. **Environmental Impact**: Increased pollution and environmental degradation due to industrial activities¹.
The Industrial Revolution began in Britain and spread to other parts of Europe and North America, profoundly changing societies and economies worldwide¹².
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