ZANZIBAR REVOLUTION

The Zanzibar Revolution took place on January 12, 1964, and led to the overthrow of the Sultan of Zanzibar, Jamshid bin Abdullah, and his predominantly Arab government by the island's majority Black African population¹². This revolution was spearheaded by the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP) and led by John Okello¹².

The revolution resulted in significant violence, with estimates of the death toll ranging from several hundred to 20,000 people¹². Many Arabs and South Asians were killed, and their properties were looted. The revolution also led to the establishment of the People's Republic of Zanzibar, with Abeid Karume becoming the new president¹².

This event was a pivotal moment in Zanzibar's history, leading to its eventual union with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanzania in April 1964².

The Zanzibar Revolution was driven by several key factors:

1. **Ethnic and Racial Tensions**: The Arab minority, which had historically held power and wealth, dominated the political and economic landscape, leading to significant resentment among the African majority¹².

2. **Political Exclusion**: Despite winning a majority of the votes in the 1963 elections, the Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), representing the African population, was underrepresented in the government due to the electoral system favoring the Arab minority¹².

3. **Economic Inequality**: The Arab elite controlled much of the land and wealth, while the African population faced poverty and limited economic opportunities¹².

4. **Colonial Legacy**: The British colonial administration had maintained the status quo, allowing the Arab minority to continue exploiting the African majority even after the abolition of slavery².

5. **Fear of Repression**: There were fears among the African population that the Arab government planned to further marginalize and oppress them³.

These factors culminated in the revolution on January 12, 1964, leading to the overthrow of the Sultan and the establishment of the People's Republic of Zanzibar¹².

The Zanzibar Revolution had several significant effects:

1. **Political Change**: The revolution led to the overthrow of the Sultanate and the establishment of the People's Republic of Zanzibar, with Abeid Karume as the president. This marked the end of Arab dominance and the beginning of African leadership in Zanzibar.

2. **Union with Tanganyika**: In April 1964, Zanzibar merged with Tanganyika to form the United Republic of Tanzania. This union aimed to stabilize the region and prevent further conflicts.

3. **Social and Demographic Impact**: The revolution resulted in the deaths of many Arabs and South Asians, and significant numbers of these communities fled the island. This led to a demographic shift and changes in the social fabric of Zanzibar.

4. **Economic Changes**: The new government implemented policies to redistribute land and wealth, aiming to reduce economic disparities. However, these changes also led to economic challenges and disruptions.

5. **International Relations**: The revolution and subsequent union with Tanganyika influenced Zanzibar's foreign policy, aligning it more closely with socialist and non-aligned movements during the Cold War.

These effects reshaped Zanzibar's political, social, and economic landscape, leaving a lasting legacy on the island and its people.

UJASIRIAMALI

UJASIRIAMALI:Ni kitendo cha uwekezaji mtaji katika shughuli za biashara ili kuweza kupata faida

Mgawanyo wa makundi ya ujasiria mali
Mgawanyo katika makundi haya umefanywa kutokana na idadi ya wafanyakazi na kiasi cha mtaji anachomiliki mjasiriamali biashara kama ifuatavyo

1.Ujasiriamali biashara mdogo mdogo:kundi hili linawafanyakazi wasiozidi wanne na mtaji usiozidi shilingi milioni tano.
2.Ujasiriamali biashara mdogo: kundi hili linawafanyakazi watano hadi 49 na mtaji wa kuanzia milioni tano hadi milioni mia mbili.
3.Ujasiriamali biashara wa kati: hili ni kundi lenye wafanyakazi kati ya 50 hadi 99 na wenye mtaji wa zaidi ya shilingi milioni mia mbili hadi milioni mia nane
4.Ujasiriamali biashara mkubwa: Kundi hili linawafanyakazi 100 na zaidi na mtaji wa zaidi ya shilingi milioni mia nane.

SIFA ZA MJASIRIAMALI
Zipo sifa zinazomfanya mtu kuwa mjasiriamali. Sifa hizi ni kama ifuatavyo;
1.Awe mtu mwenye maono na anayetimiza ndoto yake mwenyewe
2.Awe na uwezo wa kuwashawishi wengine kununua bidhaa au huduma anayoitoa.
3.Awe mtu mbunifu anayeweza kutatua changamoto na matatizo yanayoikabili jamii inayohusika.
4.Awe ni mtu mwenye uwezo wa kuwasikiliza wateja wake na kuwahudumia kwa kadri ya mahitaji yao
5.Awe na uwezo wa kuyatambua mahitaji ya jamii na kuyatimiza kwa kuanzisha biashara itakayokudhi mahitaji husika.
6.Awe ni mtu mwenye uthubutu wa kufanya kitu anachofikiria kwa vitendo.
7.Awe ni mtu mwenye ujasiria wa kufanya maamuzi kwa wakati na kuyasimamia
8.Awe ni mtu anayeweza kubadilika kulingana na mazingira
9.Awe mchapakazi na anayejituma
10.Awe mpambanaji

FAIDA ZA UJASIRIAMALI 

Zipo faida nyingi za kuwa mjasiriamali

1.Kufanya shughuli unayoipenda

2.Kutumia vipaji vyako vizuri kwa sababu utakuwa mbunifu kila wakati

3.Kujiongoza na kijisimamia mwenyewe badala ya kusimamiwa na kuongozwa na mtu

4.Kujipatia kipato binafsi na familia yako

5.Kupata ajira na kutoa fursa za ajira kwa wengine

6.Kupata rasilimali ambazo unaweza kurithusha watoto

7.Kutumia ipasavyo rasilimali zinazopatikana katika mazingira

8.Kutoa bidhaa na huduma wanazizihitaji wengine

9.Kuchangia ukuaji wa uchumi na kupunguza umaskini kwenye jamii na Taifa

10.Kupunguza tofauti za maendeleo baina ya watu, mikoa na nchi kwani biashara hukuza uchumi wa mtu binafsi na Taifa kwa ujumla

Mambo muhimu ya kuzingatia kabla ya kuanza ujasiriamali biashara

1.kuwa na wazo la kibiashara

2.Fanya utafiti wa wazo lako na mahali unapofanyia ujasiriamali

3.Andaa mpango wa biashara

4.Fahamu mahitaji ya wateja wako

5.Jifunze kuhudumia watu

6.Jenga tabia ya kujifunza vitu vipya

7.Zingatia masuala ya kisheria

8.Kujiamini kwa kile unachitaka kufanya

9.Pata elimu ya masuala ya fedha

NB:tumia washauri wenye uwezo kupata maelezo kuhusu yafuatayo:

(a)kiasi cha fedha unachohitaji ili kuanzisha biashara inayohusika

(b) kiasi cha fedha utakachohitaji kama gharama za uendeshaji

(c) Biashara yako itatengeneza faida kiasi gani

(d)Utauza kiasi gani kabla ya kupata faida

CHANGAMOTO ZINAZOWAKABILI WAJASIRIAMALI BIASHARA WADOGOWADOGO NA WADOGO WA TANZANIA 

1.Upungufu wa mtaji wa kufanya ujasiriamali biashara

2.Kutokuwa na soko la uhakika la bidhaa

3.Mahitaji kidogo ya bidhaa na huduma

4.Bei ndogo ya bidhaa na huduma zinazotolewa na wajasiriamali biashara

5.Gharama kubwa za kupata mukopo kwa ajili ya shughuli za ujasiriamali biashara

6.Urasimu kutoka kwenye namlaka zinazohusika na shughuli za ujasiriamali biashara

7.Ukosefu wa malighafi

8.Upungufu wa wataalamu wa kutengeneza bidhaa na kutoa huduma

9.Kutokuwa na maarifa ya kutosha juu ya kufanya ujasiriamali biashara kwa ufanisi

10.Kukosa taarifa muhimu zinazohusu wateja au masoko na bidhaa zinapatikana

Zipo Imani potofu kuhusu ujasiriamali biashara ambazo ni

1.ujasiriamali biashara ni kipaji cha kuzaliwa

2.Uwezo mkubwa wa kifedha

3.Wajasiriamali biashara ni watu waliofeli kielimu na kijamii

4.Ili ufanye biashara kwa mafanikio lazima usome masomo ya biashara

Njia za kukabuliana na changamoto zinazowakabili wajasiriamali biashara wa Tanzania

1.Serikali kuboresha huduma za wajasiriamali biashara.mfano uboreshaji wa miundombinu

2.Kuboresha mafunzo ya utengenezaji wa bidhaa mbalimbali mfano kutengeneza viatu,sabuni

3.Kupunguza urasimu katika maswala yanayohusu kufanya biashara

4.Kuboresha mifumo ya ulipaji kodi kwa wajasiriamali biashara

5.Kuimarisha soko la ndani na nje la bidhaa zinazozalishwa na wajasiriamali biashara wa Tanzania

6.Serikali kurahisisha upatikanaji wa mukopo

7.Serikali kudhibiti bidhaa na huduma feki

Baadhi ya changamoto ambazo mtu binafsi anatakiwa kukabiliananazo

1.Kutafuta elimu ya ujasiriamali kutegemeana na biashara unayoifanya

2.Kuanza biashara na mtaji mdogo kisha kuendeleza biashara kadri mtaji unavyokuwa

3.Kushirikiana na watu wenye fedha lakini hawana mawazo ya kufanya ujasiriamali biashara

4.Kujenga uaminifu kwa kutoa huduma bora na kutunza ahadi ili kuendelea kupata wateja

5.Kuuza bidhaa unayoendana na wakati na mahitaji ya mahali panapohusika

6.Kufanya utafiti wa kina kuhusu soko kabla ya kuzalisha au kununua na kuuza bidhaa, hii itaepusha kupata hasara

7.Kubuni njia za kuboresha bidhaa, huduma na usimamizi wa biashara kila wakati

8.Kutunza kumbukumbu sahihi na kamilifu za biashara yako ili kuelewa kinachoendelea na kutoa uamuzi sahihi 

WARAKA WA ELIMU

Waraka wa elimu kuhusu Kalenda ya masomo kwa muhula wa masomo kwa mwaka 2025 unapatikana hapa katika link hiyo chini
https://www.moe.go.tz/sw/file/6554/download?token=SQW9tAuj

TRIANGLE SLAVE TRADE

The Triangular Slave Trade**, also known as the **Transatlantic Slave Trade**, was a system of trade that involved three regions: Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Here's a concise overview of its causes and effects:

The **Triangular Slave Trade** was driven by several key factors:

1. **Economic Demand**: European colonies in the Americas required a large labor force to work on plantations growing cash crops like sugar, tobacco, and cotton. Enslaved Africans were seen as a solution to this labor shortage.

2. **Profit Motive**: The trade was highly profitable for European merchants and investors. They could buy enslaved people in Africa at a low cost and sell them at a high price in the Americas.

3. **European Expansion**: As European nations expanded their territories in the Americas, they needed more labor to exploit the resources of these new colonies.

4. **African Participation**: Some African leaders and merchants participated in the trade by capturing and selling people from rival communities or those captured in wars.

5. **Technological Advancements**: Improvements in shipbuilding and navigation made long sea voyages more feasible, facilitating the large-scale transport of enslaved people across the Atlantic.

The **Triangular Slave Trade** had profound and far-reaching effects on Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Here are some of the key impacts:

### Effects on Africa:

1. **Depopulation**: Millions of Africans were forcibly taken from their homes, leading to significant population loss, especially among young and able-bodied individuals¹.

2. **Social Disruption**: The trade caused widespread social instability, as communities were torn apart and traditional structures were disrupted¹.

3. **Economic Stagnation**: The loss of a large portion of the workforce hindered economic development and agricultural productivity in many regions¹.

4. **Increased Violence**: The demand for enslaved people fueled conflicts and wars among African states and communities, as they sought to capture and sell prisoners¹.

### Effects on the Americas:

1. **Economic Growth**: The labor of enslaved Africans was crucial to the economic development of the American colonies, particularly in the plantation economies of the Caribbean and the southern United States².

2. **Cultural Influence**: African cultures, traditions, and knowledge significantly influenced the cultural landscape of the Americas, contributing to music, cuisine, language, and religion².

3. **Social Stratification**: The establishment of a racial hierarchy and the systemic exploitation of enslaved people laid the foundations for long-lasting racial inequalities and social divisions².

### Effects on Europe:

1. **Wealth Accumulation**: European nations and merchants amassed great wealth from the trade, which helped finance the Industrial Revolution and further European expansion².

2. **Moral and Ethical Debates**: The brutality of the trade eventually sparked strong opposition and abolitionist movements, leading to the eventual end of the transatlantic slave trade².

BERLIN CONFERENCE

The **Berlin Conference** of 1884-1885, also known as the **Berlin West Africa Conference**, was a significant event where European powers met to discuss and formalize their claims to African territory during the period of New Imperialism¹². The conference was organized by **Otto von Bismarck**, the Chancellor of Germany, and was attended by representatives from 14 countries¹.

### Key Points of the Berlin Conference:

1. **Regulation of Colonization and Trade**: The conference aimed to regulate European colonization and trade in Africa, particularly in the Congo River basin².

2. **General Act of Berlin**: This act declared the Congo River basin neutral, guaranteed freedom for trade and shipping, and forbade slave trading².

3. **Partition of Africa**: The conference is often seen as formalizing the "Scramble for Africa," where European powers divided the continent into spheres of influence¹³.

4. **Impact on Africa**: The decisions made at the conference led to increased colonial activity and significantly impacted the political and social structures of African societies¹.

The conference did not immediately set most of Africa's borders; many of these were established in the following decades¹. The outcomes of the Berlin Conference had long-lasting effects on the continent, contributing to the complex colonial history of Africa.

The **Berlin Conference** of 1884-1885 was primarily driven by several key factors:

1. **European Rivalries**: European powers were competing for control over African territories to expand their empires and secure resources¹².

2. **Economic Interests**: The industrial revolution increased the demand for raw materials and new markets, prompting European nations to seek control over African resources³.

3. **Strategic Concerns**: Control over certain regions in Africa was seen as strategically important for maintaining and expanding global influence².

4. **Humanitarian and Civilizing Missions**: Some European leaders, like King Leopold II of Belgium, promoted the idea of "civilizing" Africa, although this often masked economic and political motives¹.

These factors combined to create a situation where European powers felt the need to formalize their claims and avoid conflicts among themselves, leading to the Berlin Conference.

The **Berlin Conference** of 1884-1885 had profound and lasting impacts on Africa:

1. **Partition of Africa**: The conference formalized the division of Africa among European powers, leading to the establishment of colonial borders that often disregarded existing ethnic, cultural, and political boundaries¹².

2. **Colonial Rule**: The agreements made at the conference paved the way for increased European colonization, resulting in the exploitation of African resources and people¹³.

3. **Disruption of Societies**: Traditional social structures and governance systems were disrupted as European powers imposed their own administrative systems and values³.

4. **Economic Exploitation**: The colonial powers extracted vast amounts of resources from Africa, often with little regard for the well-being of local populations³.

5. **Cultural Impact**: The imposition of Western education, religion, and cultural practices eroded indigenous customs and traditions³.

6. **Long-term Conflicts**: The arbitrary borders drawn during the conference have contributed to ongoing conflicts and political instability in many African countries¹.

These impacts have shaped the historical and contemporary landscape of Africa, influencing its development and the challenges it faces today.

UFUNGAJI BORA WA KUKU

Ufugaji bora wa kuku unahitaji mbinu na uangalizi wa hali ya juu ili kuhakikisha uzalishaji mzuri na afya bora ya kuku wako. Hapa kuna baadhi ya vidokezo muhimu:

Kuku wanaweza kuathiriwa na magonjwa mbalimbali. Hapa kuna baadhi ya magonjwa ya kawaida ya kuku pamoja na dalili na tiba zake:

1. **Mdondo (Newcastle Disease)**:

   - **Dalili**: Kukohoa, kuhema kwa shida, ute kutoka mdomoni na puani, kizunguzungu, kuharisha kijani na njano, kuzubaa, na mabawa kushuka.

   - **Tiba**: Ugonjwa huu hauna tiba, lakini unaweza kuzuiwa kwa kuchanja kuku mara kwa mara².

2. **Kuharisha Damu (Coccidiosis)**:

   - **Dalili**: Kinyesi chenye damu, kudhoofika, mabawa kushuka.

   - **Tiba**: Dawa za sulphonamides (ESB3) au Amprolium kwa siku 3-4. Usafi wa banda ni muhimu kuzuia ugonjwa huu².

3. **Homa ya Matumbo (Fowl Typhoid)**:

   - **Dalili**: Uharo mweupe au wa kijani, vifo vya kuku, rangi ya minofu kuwa ya njano, viungo vya ndani kuvimba.

   - **Tiba**: Dawa za antibiotiki kama furazolidone. Usafi wa banda na vyombo vya kulishia ni muhimu².

4. **Mafua ya Kuku (Infectious Coryza)**:

   - **Dalili**: Kuvimba uso, macho kutoa machozi, kukohoa, na kupumua kwa shida.

   - **Tiba**: Dawa za antibiotiki kama sulfadimethoxine au erythromycin. Usafi wa banda na kutenga kuku wagonjwa ni muhimu¹.

5. **Ndui ya Kuku (Fowl Pox)**:

   - **Dalili**: Vidonda kwenye ngozi na mdomo, kupungua kwa uzito, na kushuka kwa uzalishaji wa mayai.

   - **Tiba**: Hakuna tiba maalum, lakini chanjo inaweza kusaidia kuzuia ugonjwa huu¹.

Ni muhimu kuhakikisha kuwa banda la kuku ni safi na kavu wakati wote, na kuchanja kuku mara kwa mara ili kuzuia magonjwa haya. 

Njia sahihi za kutunza kuku ili wawe bora

1. **Banda Bora**: Hakikisha banda linaingiza hewa na mwanga wa kutosha. Liwe safi na lenye nafasi ya kutosha kwa kuku wako¹.

2. **Chakula Bora**: Chakula kinachotolewa kinapaswa kuwa na virutubisho vyote muhimu kama vile wanga, protini, madini, na vitamini. Chakula bora huchangia asilimia kubwa ya mafanikio katika ufugaji².

3. **Afya na Usafi**: Ni muhimu kuwa na mtaalamu wa mifugo ambaye atahakikisha afya ya kuku wako. Pia, hakikisha unatoa chanjo na tiba zinazohitajika kwa wakati¹.

4. **Uleaji wa Vifaranga**: Vifaranga wanahitaji uangalizi maalum, ikiwa ni pamoja na joto la kutosha na chakula bora. Kitalu kinachotoa joto na mwanga ni muhimu kwa ukuaji wao².

5. **Kuzuia Magonjwa**: Magonjwa kama vile coccidiosis na minyoo yanaweza kuzuiwa kwa usafi wa mazingira na chakula bora. Pia, epuka kununua vifaranga kutoka vyanzo visivyoaminika².

6. **Soko**: Tafuta masoko ya uhakika kwa ajili ya kuku na mayai yako. Hii itakusaidia kupata faida nzuri na kuendeleza mradi wako¹.

Ufugaji bora wa kuku una faida nyingi, zikiwemo:

1. **Chanzo cha Kipato**: Ufugaji wa kuku unaweza kuwa chanzo kikubwa cha kipato kwa kuuza nyama na mayai¹.

2. **Lishe Bora**: Kuku hutoa nyama na mayai yenye protini nyingi, muhimu kwa lishe bora ya binadamu¹.

3. **Ajira**: Ufugaji wa kuku unaweza kutoa ajira kwa jamii, hasa kwa vijana na wanawake³.

4. **Gharama Ndogo za Uendeshaji**: Ufugaji wa kuku, hasa wa kienyeji, una gharama ndogo za uendeshaji kwani kuku wanajitafutia chakula wenyewe¹.

5. **Ustahimilivu wa Magonjwa**: Kuku wa kienyeji wanajulikana kwa ustahimilivu wao dhidi ya magonjwa, hivyo kupunguza gharama za matibabu¹.

6. **Urahisi wa Kuanzisha**: Ufugaji wa kuku unahitaji mtaji mdogo wa kuanzia na ni rahisi kuanzisha hata kwa watu wenye rasilimali chache¹.

UCHUMI WA KIKOLONI

Uchumi wa kikoloni ni Mfumo wa uchumi ulioanzishwa na wakoloni wakati wa utawala wao AFRIKA.
Uchumi huu wa kikoloni ulianzishwa kutokana na Mapinduzi ya viwanda ulaya mwaka
 

Malengo ya uchumi wa kikoloni

-Kupata malighafi
-Kutafuta masomo
-Kupata wafanyakazi
-Kupata maeneo ya kuanzishia vitegauchumi vyao
-Kutafuta maeneo ya makazi

Tabia za uchumi wa kikoloni

-Kulipa Kodi
-Kurahisisha kilimo cha mazao ya biashara
-Kunyang'anya ardhi yenye rutuba
-Kulazimisha waafrika kufanya kazi katika miradi ya wakoloni
-Kuanzishwa kwa elimu ya kikoloni
-Ujenzi wa miundombinu
-Kuanzisha viwanda vya usindikaji

SEKTA KUU ZA UCHUMI WA KIKOLONI AFRIKA

(a) Kilimo
(b)Migodi
(c) Viwanda
(d) Biashara
(e) Miundombinu

MBINU ZILIZOTUMIKA KUIMARISHA UCHUMI WA KIKOLONI

-Kunyang'anya ardhi yenye rutuba
-Kurazimisha waafrika kufanya kazi katika miradi ya wakoloni
-Kutumia manamba
-Kuanzisha Kodi
-Kuanzisha Migodi
-Kuuza bidhaa toka ulaya
-Kuanzisha Kilimo cha mazao ya biashara

Athari chanya za uchumi wa kikoloni 

-kuanzisha matumizi ya fedha
-Kukua kwa miji mbalimbali Afrika
-Ujenzi wa miundombinu
-Kuanzisha mifumo ya utawala
-Kuanzishwa kwa viwanda
-Kuanzishwa kwa huduma za afya

Athari hasi za uchumi wa kikoloni

-Kuwepo kwa unyonyaji
-Kuwavuruga waafrika
-Kudumaza maendeleo ya viwanda vya waafrika
-Afrika ilifanywa kama soko la bidhaa toka ulaya

TAWALA ZA KIKOLONI AFRIKA

MIFUMO YA TAWALA ZA KIKOLONI
Mifumo ya utawala wa kikoloni iliyotumiwa katika kuwatawala waafrika
(i) Mfumo wa utawala wa moja kwa moja(direct rule)
(ii) Mfumo wa utawala wa mlango wa nyuma(indirect rule)
(iii) Mfumo wa utawala wa kulisha kasumba (Assimilation policy)
(iv) Mfumo wa kuheshimu utamaduni wa waafrika (A

I. MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA MOJA KWA MOJA (direct rule)
Ni Mfumo wa utawala ambao haukutumia viongozi wa jadi.

Sababu za kutumia Mfumo wa utawala wa moja kwa moja
-Wakoloni walifikiri Waafrika ni dhaifu katika uongozi
-Wakoloni walihisi waafrika si waaminifu
-Wakoloni waliwadharau waafrika na kuwaona si wastarabu
Mfumo huu wa utawala uliongozwa na Gavana aliyeitwa JULIUS VON SODEN

Sifa za Mfumo wa utawala wa moja kwa moja
-Mfumo ulitumiwa na Wajerumani
-Mfumo ulikuwa wa kikatili
-Mfumo ulitumia viongozi wachache wa kiafrika
-mfumo ulikuwa ghali kuuendesha
-mfumo haukuheshimu mila na desturi za Waafrika

ATHARI ZA MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA MOJA KWA MOJA
-mfumo Kuuwawa kikatili kwa waafrika
-Viongozi wa waafrika na wafuasi wa waafrika walibakwa,kukatwa viuongo na kuchapwa viboko hadharani
-mfumo Uliendeleza unyonyaji, ukandamizaji na unyanyasaji
-mfumo Ulivuruga Mfumo wa utawala wa kijadi

MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA MLANGO WA NYUMA
(Indirect rule)
Mfumo huu ulianzishwa mwaka 1914 na kapteni wa Uingereza aliyeitwa Frederick Lugard huko Nigeria kaskazini

Sababu za kutumia Mfumo wa utawala wa mlango wa nyuma
-Uchache wa viongozi wa kizungu
-Kuogopa gharama za mfumo wa moja kwa moja
-Tatizo la lugha ya kuwasiliana
-Kupunguza lawama kwa serikali ya kikoloni
-Kurahisisha utekelezaji wa sera za kikoloni
-Kuwepo kwa magonjwa ya kitropiki mfano malaria

Sifa za Mfumo wa utawala wa mlango wa nyuma
-Mfumo ulitumiwa na Waingereza
-mfumo haukuwa wa kikatili
-mfumo ulitumia viongozi wa jadi
-mfumo haukuwa na gharama
-mfumo uliheshimu mila na desturi za Waafrika

Athari za Mfumo wa utawala wa mlango wa nyuma
(a) Athari chanya(nzuri)
-Kuwepo kwa ufanisi katika utekelezaji wa maamuzi na malengo ya wakoloni
-Ulisaidia kupunguza gharama za utawala
-Uliheshimu tamaduni za AFRIKA
-Ulirahisisha mawasiliano kati ya wakoloni na waafrika

(b) Athari hasi(mbaya)
-Waafrika walipoteza uhuru wao
-Kuendeleza ukabaila
-Ulisababisha viongozi wa kiafrika walaumiwe

MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA KULISHA KASUMBA (ASSIMILATION POLICY)
Mfumo huu wa utawala ulitumiwa katika makoloni ya Wafaransa na wareno, Mfumo huu ulianzishwa huko Senegal baada ya Mapinduzi ya Ufaransa mwaka 1789

Sifa za Mfumo wa kulisha kasumba (Assimilation policy)
-Kubadilisha Mfumo wa maisha
-Kupunbaza Waafrika
-Waafrika wachache walisomeshwa
-Makoloni yalionekana kama majimbo ya Ufaransa
Matumizi ya lugha ya kifaransa

MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA KUHESHIMU UTAMADUNI WA MWAFRIKA
Katika mwaka 1910 Mfumo wa kulisha kasumba ulianza kukataliwa.

Sababu za kuanzisha Mfumo huu wa kuheshimu utamaduni wa waafrika
-Kuondoa upinzani wa waafrika
-Kupunguza gharama za utawala
-Baadhi ya Wafaransa hawakupenda kulinganishwa na waafrika

ATHARI ZA MFUMO WA UTAWALA WA KULISHA KASUMBA
-Ulidumaza mila na desturi za Waafrika
-Waafrika walifanywa wadharau na washindwe kuheshimu mila na desturi za Waafrika
-Waafrika walilazimishwa kufanya kazi
-Ulisababisha kuwepo kwa mazingira ya unyonyaji
-Kuzuka kwa migogoro kutokana na tofauti zao ususani Ukristo na Uislamu
-Waafrika waliopata elimu ya kifaransa walijiona ni Wafaransa

MAJIMAJI WAR (MAJIMAJI UPRISING)

                  MAJIMAJI WAR IN TANGANYIKA

(1905-1907)

>Was resistance which took place in southern part of Tanganyika from Songea to Rufiji in coastal area

>MajiMaji war start from 1905 to 1907 under KINJEKETILE NGWALE a madicine man who had believed to turn Germans bullet into water.

>MajiMaji war was derivet from Swahili word MAJI

PARTICIPANTS

>There were twenty tribes participating in MajiMaji war such as Ngoni,Luguru,Pogoro,Bena,Matumbi,Ngindo,Zarambo etc.

THE CAUSES OF MAJIMAJI WAR IN TANGANYIKA

>MajiMaji war had caused manythings which were includes the following ones

a) Taxation

>Germany had impose havy taxes in Tanganyika example head taxes, cattle taxes, Hut taxes etc.A person had to pay 3 rupees as a tax

b)Land alienation

>Fertile lands was taken by Germany hence they decided to fight as the way of protecting their land

c) Cotton growing

>Germany had forced Africans to grow cotton that was the cash crop hence the war occured

d) Forced labour

>Africans were sent in many Germany project like Railways construction and in plantation.example Railways from Dar es salaam to Kigoma

e) Cultural interference

>Africa were forced to inherd western culture and abandon their traditional like polygamy

f) Harshness

>Germany had treated African people in harsh and cruel way like beating and hanging of people in front of their families (public)

THE EFFECT/OUTCOMES OF MAJIMAJI RESISTANCE

i) Death

>Many tribes were totally killed which leading to the depopulation in the society

ii)Loss of land

>Many Africans in Tanganyika had lost their fertile lands because they were death in war

iii) Famine and Hunger

>Many Africans were spended in fighting than production activities like agriculture

iv)Loss of lives

>Many Africans house were burnt, food store were destroyed so as to make African starving

v) Separation of families

>Many Africans were separated here and there looking for safe area to hide themselves

vi) Eruption of disease

>Example flue, coughly and cholera

vii)African were defeated

SIGNIFICANCE OF MAJIMAJI WAR TO THE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TANZANIA

i) It was the lesson to the freedom fighter

ii)It strengthenal unity among the people

iii) It remains as a symbols for the people

iv)It conscioustized people (it make people awere)

v) Beginning of Nationalism among the people of Africa

REASONS FOR THE AFRICAN'S DEFEAT DURING MAJIMAJI RESISTANCE

a)Poor military weapons used by the Africans

b) Africa lacked military organization

c)Poor beliefs

d)African lacked fighting experience

e) Disunity among the Africans

f)The brutality of Germany

COLONIAL RULE

Colonial rule refers to the period when a foreign power takes control over a territory, often exploiting its resources and people. This practice was widespread from the 15th to the mid-20th century, with European powers colonizing large parts of Africa, Asia, and the Americas¹².

Colonialism had profound impacts on the colonized regions, including:

1. **Economic Exploitation**: Colonizers extracted valuable resources and wealth from the colonies, often leaving the local economies dependent and underdeveloped².

2. **Cultural Imposition**: Colonizers imposed their language, religion, and cultural practices on indigenous populations, often erasing or marginalizing local traditions².

3. **Political Control**: Colonies were governed by the colonizers, who often disregarded local governance structures and imposed their own systems¹.

4. **Social Hierarchies**: Colonial rule often established or reinforced social hierarchies, with the colonizers at the top and the local populations at the bottom¹.

Decolonization, the process of gaining independence from colonial rule, began in the 18th century and accelerated after World War II, leading to the independence of many colonies by the mid-20th century¹².

European powers used several methods to colonize Africa during the Scramble for Africa (1881-1914):

1. **Diplomatic Agreements**: European countries often signed treaties with African leaders, sometimes through coercion or deception, to gain control over territories².

2. **Military Conquest**: When diplomacy failed or was deemed unnecessary, European powers used military force to subdue African states and communities².

3. **Divide and Rule**: Europeans exploited existing rivalries and divisions among African ethnic groups to weaken resistance and establish control².

4. **Economic Pressure**: European powers used economic means, such as controlling trade routes and imposing taxes, to exert influence and control over African regions².

5. **Missionary Activities**: Christian missionaries often preceded or accompanied colonial administrations, spreading European cultural and religious values, which facilitated colonial control².

These methods allowed European powers to establish and maintain colonies across Africa, significantly impacting the continent's political, social, and economic structure

method was used extensively to colonies Africa

**Indirect rule** was a system of governance used by colonial powers, particularly the British, to control their colonies through existing local power structures¹. Here are some key aspects of indirect rule:

1. **Local Leaders**: Colonial authorities governed through traditional leaders, such as chiefs or kings, who retained some authority and were responsible for local administration¹.

2. **Cost-Effective**: This system was cheaper and required fewer European administrators, as it relied on the existing local governance structures².

3. **Cultural Preservation**: Indirect rule allowed for the preservation of local customs and traditions to some extent, as long as they did not conflict with colonial interests¹.

4. **Limited Autonomy**: While local leaders had some control over internal matters, the colonial powers retained ultimate authority, especially over external affairs, taxation, and major legal decisions¹.

This method was used extensively in British colonies like Nigeria and India, and it influenced the governance and social structures in these regions¹².

**Direct rule** is a system of governance where the central authority takes direct control over the administration of a colony, bypassing local leaders and institutions¹. Here are some key characteristics:

1. **Centralized Administration**: The colonial power directly administers the colony through its own officials and institutions, often imposing its own laws and policies¹.

2. **Limited Local Autonomy**: Local leaders and traditional governance structures are often sidelined or abolished, reducing the influence of indigenous systems¹.

3. **Uniform Policies**: The colonial power implements uniform policies across the colony, aiming for greater control and efficiency².

4. **Cultural Assimilation**: Direct rule often involves efforts to assimilate the local population into the culture of the colonizing power, including language, education, and legal systems².

An example of direct rule was the French colonial administration in West Africa, where French officials governed directly and sought to assimilate the local populations into French culture².

The **assimilation policy** was a strategy used by colonial powers to integrate indigenous populations into the colonizers' culture, often at the expense of the indigenous cultures and identities. Here are some key aspects:

1. **Cultural Erasure**: Indigenous people were encouraged or forced to adopt the language, religion, and customs of the colonizers, leading to the loss of traditional practices and identities¹.

2. **Education Systems**: Colonial governments established schools that taught the colonizers' language and values, often prohibiting the use of indigenous languages and practices².

3. **Legal and Social Integration**: Indigenous people were often required to follow the legal and social norms of the colonizers, which could include changes in dress, behavior, and social roles².

4. **Economic Changes**: Indigenous economies were often restructured to fit the needs of the colonial economy, which could involve changes in land ownership, labor practices, and trade².

The assimilation policy had long-lasting effects on indigenous communities, including the loss of cultural heritage and identity, social and economic marginalization, and intergenerational trauma¹².