LANGUAGEACQUISITIONANDLEARNING
LANGUAGE is asystematic means of communicating ideas or feelings by the use of conventionalized signs,sounds,gestures,or markshaving understood meanings
Languageacquisition
Refers to the process through which individuals learn a language
This occurs into two primary context
First language acquisition:the process of learning one’s native language
Second language acquisition:the process of learning language that isnot one’s native language
It is influenced by age,motivation,exposure,and the learning environment
Stages of language Development
Prelinguistic stage
ranges from birth to approximately 6months.Noises in this stage include crying,whimpering,andcooing.These sounds are not considered language because they are involuntary respons estostimuli.
Babbling stage
This typically occurs around 6months of age,where babies experiment with sounds
One-Wordstage
At about 12months,toddlers begin combining two words,creating simple sentences(eg,wantjuice)
Telegraphic speech
By age2-3years children start using short,clear sentences that convey meaning without grammatical markers(e.gmommygo)
Complex sentences/beyond telegraphic stage
The Beyond Telegraphic stage begins around the age of 3years and continues into fully developed language skills.Vocabulary development continues,including its strategies of over extension.
Theories of language language Acquisition
Behavioristtheory
Suggests that language acquisition occurs through reinforcement and imitation
Nativist theory
Proposes that humans are born within nateability to acquire language,assuggested by Noam Chomsky’s theory of Universal Grammar
Social interactionist theory
Emphasizes the role of social interaction and communication in language development
Factors influencing language acquisition
Cognitiv edevelopment
The overall cognitiveabilities of an individual play as ignificant role in how they acquire language
Environment
The richness of the linguistic input available within aperson’s environment will affect language learning
Motivation and attitude
Alearner’s motivation and attitude towards the language can significantly influence the success of acquisition
DOMAIN OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Domains of development includ ephysical,cognitive and psychosocial development.
Physical Development
Divided into stages;Prenatal,infancy;childhood-early,midandlate;adolescence;earlyadulthood;middleageandoldage.
A teach stage,specific physical changes occur that affect the individual’scognitive and psychosocial development.
Prenatal Development(3stages)
Germinal Stage–Starts with fertilization to 2weeks after conception.
-Sperm cell combine with female egg to form azygote.
Embryonic stage–Starts from weeks after conception to two months.
-All major organs are formed.
Fetalstage–Two months after conception to birth.
-Sexorgans are formed
Borns and muscles are formed
Brain develop and increase rapidly
Organs system start to function(respiratory and digestive systems).
Early Childhood(2-6Years)
Most basic motorabilities appeared.
Existing skills are practiced and perfected(be applied in challenging and complex situations).
The child develops competence and can master challenges in the environment,playing,using eating utensils and other objects.
Middle and late childhood(Age6-11Years)
The child practices and masters complex motor skills.
Growth rates slow and children are able to perfect/improve their motor skills.
Adolescence(Age12-18Years)
Characteristics
Rapid growth,weight and height increase rapidly.
Maturity of sexual organs,(Puberty)and development of secondary sex characteristics
Breasts forgirls,deepening voicei nboys
Puberty begins at age11or12 for girls and13or14 for boys.
Note:There can bevariation eg8-9 for girls and 16yrs forboys
20-40(Earlyadulthood)
Mark the peak of physical health.
-People strength is greater.
-Reproductive capacities are at the highest level
Physical changes are less apparent/visible and more gradual than changes that occur in other stages.
Middle adulthood(45-65)
weight increase how ever this can be avoided through exercise
Gradual physical decline occur.
Sense organs become less sensitive and it takes time to react to stimuli.
Women begin meno pause(abiological change)they stop menstruation.
Sperm declines occur form enhowever they remain fertile and capable off athering children.
Physical declines in this stage are minor and unnoticeable for both male and female.
Late adult hood(65years and above)
Physical change are brought by aging process
Hairthinning and turninggray
Skinwrinkles
Sensory capacity decreases asa result of aging-vision.Hearing,smell and taste becomeless sensitive.
Reaction time decline because oxygen intake and heart pumping ability decline.
NB:
READ PSYCHOSOCIAL DOMAIN BYE RICKERICKSON(STAGES)
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