VITABU VYA MASOMO YA SECONDARY

 Kwa mahitaji ya vitabu vya kufundishia masomo yote ya secondary pakua kupitia blog yetu ya

FORM ONE DOWNLOAD HERE

FORM TWO DOWNLOAD HERE

FORM THREE DOWNLOAD HERE

FORM FOUR DOWNLOAD HERE

HUDUMA ZA AFYA NI NINI?

Huduma za afya ni nini?
Huduma za afya ni mahitaji mbalimbali yanayotolewa kwa jamii ili kujenga afya. Miongoni mwa huduma hizo ni elimu ya uzazi wa mpango na utoaji dawa kwa waathirika wa vvu na ukimwi.

Uzazi wa mpango ni nini?
Uzazi wa mpango ni utaratibu wa kupata watoto unaotokana na makubaliano kati ya mke na mume juu ya idadi ya watoto na muda wa kuwapata kwa kuzingatia afya ya mke na uwezo wa kuwatunza.

Njia za uzazi wa mpango
Kuna njia mbalimbali za uzazi wa mpango ambazo mke na mume wanaweza kukubaliana kuzitumia. Njia hizo ni kama vile

1.Njia za asili za uzazi wa mpango
Ni njia ambazo zinazuia mke kupata mimba bila kutumia dawa au vifaa maalumu. Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya njia za asili:

(i) kutojamiiana wakati wa kupindi cha hatari
Mzunguko mmoja wa hedhi huwa siku 28 kwa baadhi ya wanawake tangu hedhi ya moja hadi nyingine
(ii) Kutomwaga gametiume kwenye uke wakati wa kujamiiana
(iii) Mama kuendelea kumnyonyesha mtoto ipasavyo. Anapomnyonyesha mtoto ipasavyo hedhi hukoma mpaka atakapomwachisha kunyonya

2.Njia za kisasa za uzazi wa mpango
Ni njia ambazo hujumuisha matumizi ya vifaa na dawa.vifaa hivyo ni kama vile
(i) kondomu: kondomu huvaliwa na mwanaume au mwanamke wakati wa tendo la kujamiiana.hivyo manii hayaingii ukeni

Faida za kutumia kondomu

• Huzuia mimba na baadhi ya magonjwa ya zinaa
• Haihitaji kwenda kumuona daktari
• Hupatikana kwa urahisi

Madhara
Huhamasisha ukahaba na umalaya

(ii) Kiwambo: kiwambo huwekwa ndani ya uke kwenye seviksi ili kuzuia manii kuingia

Faida za kutumia kiwambo

• Huzuia kansa ya shingo ya kizazi kwa kiasi FulaniMadhara ya kutumia kiwambo

Madhara ya kutumia kiwambo

• Kinaweza kuwekwa vibaya na kuruhusu mimba kutunga

(iii) Kitanzi:ni kipande cha plastiki ambacho mwanamke huwekewa na daktari kwenye uterasi ili kuzuia manii na mayai ya mwanamke kukutana na hivyo kuzuia utungisho, pia huzuia yai lililorutubishwa kushikilia kwenye uterasi

Faida za kutumia kitanzi

• Kikishawekwa hakuna haja ya kufanya kitu chochote cha ziada
• Kina uhakika mkubwa wa kuzuia mimba 

Madhara ya kutumia kitanzi

• Huweza kusababisha maumivu na damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi
• Huweza kuleta maambukizi katika kizazi yanayoweza kuleta utasa
• Kama mimba ikitokea inaweza kuwa kwenye mirija ya falopio

(iv) Vidonge:hivi humezwa na mwanamke kila siku kimoja ili kuzuia yai kupevuka

Faida za kutumia Vidonge

• Ni rahisi kutumia, huzuia mimba na huweza kuzuia baadhi ya uvimbe

Madhara ya kutumia Vidonge

• Huweza kusababisha aina fulani ya uvimbe, shinikizo la damu na damu kuganda
• Ni rahisi kusahau kumeza Vidonge
• Vinahitaji kutumiwa kila siku

(v) Kukata mirija:hii ni operesheni ya hospitali kwa ajili ya Kukata mirija ya falopio ya mwanamke na mirija ya manii kwa mwanaume

Faida za Kukata mirija ya manii na falopio

• Ina uhakika wa 100% wa kuzuia mimba

Madhara ya Kukata mirija ya manii na falopio

• Si rahisi kuja kuunganisha tena mirija ya manii na falopio kama watataka kuzaa tena

FAIDA ZA UZAZI WA MPANGO

1.kujenga afya

2.upatikanaji wa mahitaji

3.Mafanikio ya kiuchumi

4.kuepuka maradhi

5.kuwa na amani na upendo

MADHARA YA KUTOPANGA UZAZI

1.kuwa na afya dunia

2.kukosa mahitaji ya msingi

3.kuwa na umaskini

4.kukumbwa na maradhi mbalimbali

5.kukosa amani na upendo ndani ya familia 

SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

What is scramble?
Is the process of struggle inorder to get something of great value.So the European powers had scramble for the African colonies.

What is Partition?
Is the process of something to be divide. The European powers had divide African continent in the 19th century.

CAUSES/FACTORS/REASON FOR SCRAMBLE, PARTITION AND COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

The African continent was colonised (scramble and partition) bye the Imperialist during the second half of the 19th century because of two (2)factors

             (i)Afro-centric views

             (ii)Euro-centric views

I. AFRO-CENTRIC VIEWS 

Those were the factors given out by Africans concerning with scramble for and partition of Africa during the 19th century. 

>The views they said Africa would colonized due to industrial revolution in Europe were they needed

   (i)Raw materials

   (ii) Cheap labours

   (iii) Need for market

   (iv)Area for investments

   (v) European population pressure

II.THE EURO-CENTRIC VIEWS

>These are opinion given out by the Europeans concerning with the colonisation of Africa.Where they said that thus colonized due to

(i) Balance of nature**they said that, no any European nation from the 19th century was required colonised the other, hence according to this polut European decided to come in Africa. 

(ii)Strategic reasons**This was due to the fact that the African continent had several kind of richness like fertile land and minerals.

(iii) Superiority factor**They came in Africa as they wanted to show that whit race were better and powerful than black color. 

(iv)To spread Christianity**They said that they came in Africa to spread word of God to African countries.

(v) National prestige**The possession of colonies was considered as a symbol of greatness and respect example Germany and Italy

(vi) Balance of power**The balance of power was disrupted by France-Prussian war of 1870-1871(war between France and Germany), where by Germany rose power of controlins two provinces of Alsace and Lorraine for production of cool and iron after defeaties France.So the France scrambled for colonies to regain power and compasate for the 1st provinces.

(vii) Need to abolish slave trade**They need to stop slave trade and introduce testimato trade to spread civilization in Africa countries which was known as the Dark continent.

(viii) The roles of colonial agents**

(ix) Shift in balance of power**

(X)The Berlin conference**

STRATEGIC AREAS WHERE CAPITALIST SCRAMBLED TO ACQUIRES (COLONIES) OF GREAT VALUE

>Among of those strategic where

a) Egypt-it scrambled by British and French because of the Suez canal

b) South Africa-scrambled by Dutch due to availability of gold and diamonds.

c) The Congo basin-scrambled by France and Portugal due to gold and copper and navigable river.

d)Niger valley-scrambled by British, France and Germany because of navigable agriculture and high population

e)East Africa-scrambled by British and Germany due to availability of fertile land, fresh water and population.

REASON FOR SOME AREA IN AFRICA TO EXPERIENCE MORE INTENSIVE SCRAMBLE

>The reason are as follows

i) Fertile land**-The parts of Kenya, Zimbabwe experience intensive scramble due to its fertile land

ii) Minerals**-example South Africa where Dutch scrambled with British company in it's due to Diamonds

iii) Climatic condition**The area with moderate temperature, enough rainfall which was suitable in agriculture where activities where scrambled intensively

iv) Population increase**The area with high population like Egypt, South Africa and Niger had got intensive scramble because they ensuret to get labour power

v) Large space for market**The area like Egypt and South Africa scrambled by many nations due to its population with provide market for their goods.

vi) Navigable river**example Congo river, Nile river

THE EFFECT/IMPACT/OUTCOME OF THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

The effect were

i) Creation of boundaries

ii) Spread of western culture

iii) Occurrence of first world war in 1914

iv) Economic and Political dependence

v)Loss of control of our affairs

vi) Civil war and Political instability

DRAINED PATTERN

A **drainage pattern** refers to the arrangement of rivers, streams, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. These patterns are shaped by the topography, geology, and gradient of the land. Here are some common types of drainage patterns:

1. **Dendritic Pattern**: Resembles the branches of a tree and is the most common type. It forms in regions with uniform material where the river channels follow the slope of the terrain.

2. **Trellised Pattern**: Features parallel main streams with short tributaries meeting at right angles. This pattern typically develops in areas with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

3. **Rectangular Pattern**: Characterized by right-angle bends and tributaries. It forms in regions with a rectangular grid of faults or joints.

4. **Radial Pattern**: Streams radiate outward from a central high point, like a volcano or dome.

5. **Centripetal Pattern**: Streams converge into a central basin, often found in areas with a central depression.

6. **Annular Pattern**: Forms a ring-like pattern around a central high point, typically in areas with dome or basin structures.

7. **Parallel Pattern**: Streams run parallel to each other, usually found in regions with a steep slope.

8. **Barbed Pattern**: Tributaries flow in the opposite direction to the main stream, often due to river capture.

9. **Pinnate Pattern**: Resembles the veins of a leaf, with many small tributaries joining a main stream.

10. **Herringbone Pattern**: Similar to the barbed pattern but more symmetrical, often found in areas with alternating hard and soft rock layers¹²³.

¹: [Geography Notes](https://dasolverliveblog.blogspot.com

UKIMWI

**Ukimwi (UKIMWI)** ni kifupisho cha "Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini" na ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na virusi vya HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Virusi hivi hushambulia mfumo wa kinga ya mwili, na kuufanya mwili kushindwa kupambana na maambukizi na magonjwa mbalimbali¹.

**Njia za Maambukizi ya HIV:**

- Kufanya ngono bila kinga.

- Kuchangia sindano.

- Mama aliyeambukizwa anaweza kumwambukiza mwanawe wakati wa uja uzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.

- Kutangamana kwa damu au majimaji mengine ya mwili².

**Dalili za Ukimwi:**

- Kupungua uzito bila sababu.

- Homa za mara kwa mara.

- Uchovu usioelezeka.

- Kuumwa na koo na vidonda vya mdomo.

- Maambukizi ya mara kwa mara².

**Kinga na Tiba:**

- Hakuna tiba ya kuponya Ukimwi, lakini kuna dawa za kupunguza makali ya virusi (ARVs) ambazo husaidia wagonjwa kuishi maisha marefu na yenye afya zaidi.

- Kujikinga ni pamoja na kutumia kondomu, kuepuka kuchangia sindano, na kupima afya mara kwa mara².

**Madhara ya Ukimwi:**

- Husababisha vifo vya watu wengi, hasa barani Afrika.

- Huathiri uchumi na jamii kwa ujumla kutokana na kupoteza nguvu kazi¹.

Mambo ya kuzingatia kwa waathirika wanaotumia “ARV”

Waathirika wa VVU ni kundi linalohitaji kuishi kwa kufuata taratibu

zilizoainishwa na wataalamu wa afya. Mambo ya kuzingatia ni kama

yafuatayo:

1. Waathirika ni lazima wafuate ushauri wa kitaalamu wa kitabibu au

wataalamu wa afya.

2. Waathirika wanapaswa kutumia “ARV” kwa dozi sahihi na kwa muda

sahihi. Dawa zitumike kama ilivyoelekezwa na daktari au mtaalamuwa afya. Hii itasaidia kuboresha afya na kupunguza uwezekano wa

VVU kuwa sugu kwa dawa zinazotumika.

3. Waathirika wachukue tahadhari kwa kujikinga ili wasipate

maambukizi mapya na kuambukiza wengine.

4. Mwathirika asiache kutumia dawa kwa muda na kisha kurudia tena

dawa hizo bila ushauri wa daktari au mtaalamu wa afya.

5. Waathirika wa VVU watoe taarifa kwa daktari au watoa huduma

kuhusu matatizo na athari za “ARV” endapo zitajitokeza.

6. Waathirika waepuke kufuata imani na mila potofu za jadi au za dini

zinazozuia kuwa mfuasi mzuri wa “ARV”.

7. Waathirika wafuate ratiba ya kwenda kliniki ya dawa za “ARV” bila

kukosa.

8. Waathirika wazingatie kanuni za afya kwa mfano, kuzingatia usafi

wa mwili, lishe bora na mazingira safi.

9. Waathirika wanashauriwa kuendelea kuishi kwa matumaini na

wasikate tamaa.

10. Mtumiaji wa “ARV” haruhusiwi kushirikiana dawa zake za “ARV” na Kujali watu wanaotumia dawa za “ARV”

Waathirika wa VVU wanaotumia “ARV” wanahitaji kuthaminiwa na jamii.

Ili kuwajali watu wanaotumia dawa za “ARV” ni muhimu sana kuwasaidia

pale wanapohitaji msaada.

Tunaweza kuwajali kwa kufanya yafuatayo:

1. Kuambatana nao wanapohitaji kusindikizwa kwenda kliniki kuchukua

2. Tuwasaidie wanapohitaji kuelekezwa matumizi sahihi ya “ARV”.

3. Kuwapatia chakula bora na kwa wakati.

4. Kuwakumbusha muda sahihi wa kumeza dawa pale wanaposahau.

5. Kuwahamasisha kuendelea na matumizi ya dawa.

6. Kuepuka kuwanyanyapaa walioathirika na VVU.

Umuhimu wa ushauri unaotolewa na daktari kwa watumiaji

wa “ARV”

Ni muhimu sana kuzingatia na kufuata ushauri unaotolewa na daktari au

mtaalamu wa afya kwa mtumiaji wa “ARV”. Ushauri wa daktari unamsaidia

mtumiaji wa “ARV” aweze kufanya yafuatayo:

1. Kutumia dawa kwa kipimo na wakati sahihi.

2. Kuelewa maendeleo ya afya yake.

3. Kuepuka kufuata mila potofu zinazozuia kuwa mfuasi mzuri wa

“ARV”.

4. Kuboresha afya na kupunguza uwezekano wa VVU kuwa sugu kwa

dawa anazotumia.

5. Kutokata tamaa.

Sehemu A: Chagua jibu sahihi katika maswali haya.

NISHATI YA UMEME

Umeme ni nini?

Ni mtiririko wa elektoni katika sakiti.nishati hii ni nishati inayoweza kubadilishwa kuwa aina nyingine ya nishati kama vile joto mwanga na sauti

AINA ZA UMEME

1.Umeme Tuli.       2.Umeme tiririka

UMEME TULI

Ni Umeme ambao hutokana na msuguano wa maada.mfano msuguano kati ya matone ya maji yaliopo angani kwenye mawingu na hewa husababisha mkusanyiko wa chaji katika mawingu. Mawingu hayo yanaposuguana husababisha kutokea kwa Radi. Hivyo radi ni umeme Tuli. Umeme tuli chaji zake hazitiririki. 

UMEME TIRIRIKA

Ni Umeme ambao hutokana na mtiririko wa elektoni. Umeme tiririka ni waaina mbili ambao ni

1.umeme mkondo mnyoofu (DC)

2.umeme mkondo geu (AC)

Umeme tiririka huzalishwa kwa kutumia

(a) mitambo inayoendeshwa kwa nguvu za maji,upepo,fueli na gesi 

(b) Nishati ya jua

(c)Seli kavu au seli za maji

(d) Dainamo ya baiskeli

SAKITI

Ni njia maalumu ya Umeme

AINA ZA SAKITI

1.Sakiti mfuatano 2.sakiti sambamba

1.SAKITI MFUATANO

Ni sakiti yenye njia moja tu ya Umeme 

Hasara za sakiti hii

1.kikiza kimoja kikiungua kingine hakitaendelea kuwaka kwa sababu kuna mkondo mmoja tu wa umeme

2.kadri unavyoongeza vikinza voltage hupungua

2.SAKITI SAMBAMBA

Ni sakiti yenye njia zaidi ya moja ya Umeme

Faida za sakiti sambamba

1.kikinza kimoja kikiungua kingine kitaendelea kuwaka kwa sababu kuna mikondo tofauti ya umeme

2.kiasi cha voltage katika matawi yote ya sakiti kinalingana

3.ukinzani hupungua kadri unavyoongeza vikinza

Hasara za sakiti sambamba

1.sakiti inaweza kuzidiwa kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa mkondo wa umeme kwa kila kifaa kitumiacho umeme kinapoongezeka.

UCHUNGUZI WA KISAYANSI

Uchunguzi wa kisayansi
Ni kitendo cha kutafuta majibu ya maswali kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali za kitafiti.Utafiti unahusisha kutafuta taarifa kwa lengo la kujenga maarifa mapya au kuboresha maarifa yaliopo. Uchunguzi wa kisayansi hutumia njia na hatua zenye mpangilio maalumu ili kutafuta majibu ya maswali. Mfano wa maswali hayo ni kwa nini mtu huugua, kwa nini mvua hunyesha, kwa nini tunda hudondoka kwenye mti kuelekea chini.

Sababu za kufanya uchunguzi wa kisayansi 
1.kutafuta majibu ya maswali ya kisayansi
2.kutafuta maarifa au mawazo mapya
3.kuthibitisha au kukanusha kanuni za kisayansi
4.kuthibitisha dhanio au kufafanua matukio ya asili

Mahitaji ya kufanyia uchunguzi wa kisayansi 
1.viumbehai mfano mimea au sehemu za mmea na wanyama au sehemu za mnyama
2.vitu visivyo hai mfano udongo, mawe, maji, tindikari, nyongo
3.vifaa mbalimbali vya kupitia mfano futikamba, saa, mizani, kipimajoti, bika, lenzi, hadubini, chips, jokofu
4.vifaa vya kurekodia data wakati wa uchunguzi wa kisayansi mfano daftari kalamu, kalamu rashasha na penseli

HATUA ZA KUFANYA UCHUNGUZI WA KISAYANSI
1.Kubaini tatizo
2.kubuni dhanio
3.kuandaa mahitaji ya jaribio
4.kufanya jaribio na kukusanya data
5.kuchambua data
6.kutafsiri matokeo
7.hitimisho
8.Kuandaa taarifa 
JINSI YA KUANDIKA TAARIFA YA UCHUNGUZI
1.Lengo/kusudi la uchunguzi
2.vifaa vilivyotumika katika uchunguzi
3.hatua/njia zilizotumika wakati wa kufanya uchunguzi
4.matokeo ya uchunguzi
5.hitimisho

GEOGRAPHY NOTES RIVER REGIME

Meaning of River Regime 
Refers to the seasonal fluctuation of water volume in the river.

      TYPES OF RIVER REGIME 
The following are three major types of River Regimes
1.Simple river regime
2.Double river regime
3.Complex river regime

               1.SIMPLE RIVER REGIME 
Is a regime in which there is one period of maximum volume of water on rain season and one period of maximum volume of water on dry season. Example Ruvuma and Ruaha river in Tanzania

               2.DOUBLE RIVER REGIME 
This occurs where a river attains double maximum and minimum of water volume.The increase of water volume is a resulting from early summer snow,melt and Autumn-Winter rains like Rhine river in Europe.      A period of maxima volume of water occurs along the equatorial zone like Congo river and Amazon experience maxima on March and September 

               3.COMPLEX REGIME 
Is a regime of rivers passing through various climatic regions. The Rivers have several periods of maximum volume of water since their tributaries flow through regions with different rain season. Example river Nile in Africa and Mississippi river in USA.

FACTOS AFFECTING RIVER REGIME INCLUDE
1.Climate
2.Vegetation
3.Geology and soils
4.Land use
5.Waterabstraction and dams
6.Precipitation pattern
7.Human activities such as dam construction
8.Size and shape of the river basin

FACTOS AFFECTING THE WORK OF RIVER
1.Velocity of water; Erosion and transportation are both maximum when velocity is high.deposition take place when velocity of water is low
2.Volume of water; the large volume of water it increase the power of erosion and transportation
3.Load; load is the material transported by river

IMPACT OF RIVERS TO HUMAN LIFE 

River have both positive and negative impact to human life

Positive impact of rivers 

1.Rivers provide water for domestic uses such as cooking,drinking and washing
2.River provide ideal sites for the generation of Hydroelectric power (H.E.P) example pangani and kihansi in Tanzania and Victoria falls along Zambia-Zimbabwe border 
3.Alluvial deposits provide fertile soils which are suitable for crops farming example Rufiji in Tanzania, Nile valley in Egypt.
4.Rivers are sources of water for irrigation scheme. Example kilombelo sugarcane plantation in Tanzania and Gezira scheme in Sudan get water from the Blue Nile.
5.Rivers provide a habitat for equatic organism such as fish and frogs example kihansi frogs 

VIUMBEHAI NA VITU VISIVYO HAI

Mazingira yameundwa na viumbehaihai na vitu visivyo hai.Mfano wa viumbehaihai ni wanyama na mimea na vitu visivyo na uhai ni jiwe. 

Sifa za viumbehai
Viumbehaihai hai wana sifa kuu saba ambazo ni
1.Kula: viumbehai wanahitaji chakula ili waendelee kuishi kwa kula vyakula vinavyotokana na mimea na wanyama.
2.Kupumua: Viumbehai vyote hupumua,wanyama huingiza gesi ya oksijeni na kutoa gesi ya kabonidayoksaidi wakati wa kupumua na mimea huingiza gesi ya kabonidayoksaidi wakati wa mchana na kutoa gesi ya oksijeni na wakati wa usiku mimea hutumia hewa ya oksijeni na kutoa hewa ya kabonidayoksaidi.
3.Kuitikia vichocheo:Viumbehai huitikia vichocheo kutoka ndani na nje ya mwili, Mfano wa vichocheo hivyo ni mwanga,joto,sauti,ladha na harufu. Wanyama huitikia vichocheo kwa kutumia milango ya fahamu kama vile pua, ngozi, macho, ulimi na masikio
4.kujongea: Viumbehai vyote hujogea. Kujongea kunahusisha kusogea kutoka sehemu moja hadi nyingine kwa wanyama hujogea kwa kutembea, kutambaa na kuruka ila kwa mimea hujogea kwa kubadili mwelekeo wa sehemu ya mmea kwa kupinda au kujizungusha kwenye kitu au mmea mwingine. Mmea hujogea taratibu sana kiasi kwamba ni vigumu kuona mjingeo huo kwa urahisi.
5.Kuzaliana:Uwepo wa Viumbehai vyote ni matokeo ya kuzaliana. Kuzaliana ni muhimu kwa mwendelezo wa vizazi
6.Kutoa takamwili:Viumbehai hutoa takamwili katika hali ya gesi na majimaji. Wanyama hutoa maji ya ziada na chumvichumvi nje ya mwili kwa njia ya mkojo na jasho, pia hutoa gesi kwa njia ya kupumua. Mimea hutoa takamwili katika hali ya maji, gesi, na utomvu kwa njia ya majani, shina au mizizi.
7:Kukua: Viumbehai wote hukua. Wanyama akiwemo binadamu hukua kwa kuongezeka kimo na uzito. Wanyama hupitia hatua mbalimbali za ukuaji mfano, utoto, ujana, utu uzima uzee na mimea hukua kwa kuongezeka kimo na uzito. 

MAKUNDI MAKUU YA VIUMBEHAI
1.WANYAMA
Wanyama wamegawanyika katika makundi makuu mawili
      (a) Wanyama wenye uti wa mgogo, ambao wamegawanyika katika makundi makuu matano ambayo ni samaki(viumbe wanaoishi ndani ya maji,kuna wanaoishi kwenye maji chumvi mfano papa na wanaoishi kwenye maji baridi sangara na kambale) amfibia(chura huishi majini katika hatua za awali za ukuaji),reptilia hujumuisha wanyama wote wanaoishi nchi kavu na majini (mamba, mjusi, Kobe, kenge, kasa na baadhi ya nyoka), ndege (hujumuisha wanyama wenye manyoya baadhi yao hufugwa na wengine huishi porini wengi wao huishi nchi kavu na baadhi huishi maji),Mamalia(viwele vya mamalia wa kike hutoa maziwa kwa ajili ya watoto wao.

2.MIMEA
Mimea imegawanyika katika makundi makuu manne ila hapa tutajifunza makundi mawili ambayo ni mimea inayotoa maua na mimea isiyotoa maua

(a) Mimea inayotoa maua
Ni ile ambayo ua ndio sehemu maalumu ya uzazi.
Ua hubadilika kuwa tunda na ndani ya tunda mbegu hukua na kukomaa mfano ngano,maharage,miembe,njegere na alizeti.Pia mimea hii imegawanyika katika makundi mawili ambayo ni Monokotiledoni(Monocotyledon) na Daikotiledoni(Dicotyledon) 

1.Monokotiledoni

Ni Mimea ambayo ina ghala mbegu moja.mfanomtama,mahindi,ulezi,Nazi,ngano na majani yake yana vena zilizo sambaa kufuata urefu wa Jani, mizizi yake ni ya nyuzinyuzi na haina mzizi mkuu

2.Daikotiledoni

Ni mimea ambayo ina ghala mbegu mbili.mfano miembe, maharage na kunde.Pia majani yake yana vena zilizotanda kama wavu na ina mzizi mkuu na mizizi mingine midogomidogo

SEHEMU ZA MMEA
Mmea una sehemu kuu tatu ambazo ni mizizi,shina na majani.sehemu nyingine ni maua,matunda,na mbegu

Kazi za kila Sehemu ya mmea

Mizizi:-kufyonza maji na virutubisho kwenye udongo

           -kushikiria mmea kwenye udongo ili usianguke

           -kuhifadhi chakula kwa baadhi ya mimea mfano              jaroti,mihogo na viazi vitamu

          

SHINA:-Kushikiria majani, maua na matunda

             -kusafirisha maji, virutubisho na madini kutoka                kwenye mizizi kwenda kwenye majani na                       matawi                     

MAJANI:-Kutengeneza chakula cha mmea

                -kudhibiti kiwango cha maji katika mmea                         kupitia stomata 

                -kuruhusu gesi ya oksijeni na                                   kabonidayoksaidi kuingia na kutoka kwenye mmea

MATUNDA NA MAUA-Kazi kubwa ya maua ni uzazi, mmea huanzia kwenye mbegu.mbegu huota na kutoa mmea mchanga wenye majani.mmea ukisha komaa hutoa maua ambayo hutengeneza tunda.ndani ya tunda huwemo mbegu.ufuatao ni mchoro kuonyesha duru ya ukuaji wa mimea itoayo mbegu

       

                   Sehemu za nje za ua

      

           Sehemu za nje na za ndani za ua

      

Mawasiliano yangu 0768569349/0628710705/0617430882

Email: enrickngwenya@gmail.com

Hotmail: enrickngwenya@hotmail.com

MATOKEO YA NECTA DARASA LA VII 2024

Matokeo ya mtihani wa taifa darasa la saba tazama hapa

DOWNLOAD HERE