IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE

IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE

>The white people after sending their agent,the scramble and partition of Africa Cohen it was over, they introduced the company rule then they started to impose their colonial rule.

AFRICAN REACTION/RESISTANCE AGAINST THE IMPOSITION OF COLONIAL RULE

What is African resistance?

This was the reaction taken by African people inorder to oppose the colonial rule.The African resistance had taken place from 1880's-1920's(19thC)

FORMS OF REACTION AGAINST COLONIALISM

The were two forms of the African reaction against colonialism namely

       i)Resistance ii) Collaboration

TYPES OF AFRICAN RESISTANCE

There are two types of African resistance

(a) Small scale/Primary resistance

(b) Large scale/Secondary resistance

A.SMALL SCALE/PRIMARY RESISTANCE

This was the type of resistance which involved a small number of people.example.a trible,a clan or community.

>It covered a small area

>The following were list of small scale resistance

i) Hehe resistance of 1891-1894(chief Mkwawa)

ii)Nandi resistance of 1895-1905(koitalel)

iii) Coastal resistance

>Here we have

i)Abushiri bin Salim resistance 1888-1889

ii)Yao resistance 1890-led by chief Machemba

iii)Nyamwezi resistance 1891-1894 led by Mtemi Isike

iv)Bwana Heri of zigua and Hassan bin Omar Makunganya

B.LARGE SCALE/SECONDARY RESISTANCE

This was the type of resistance which involved many numbers of people

**It covered large area,many tribes and many community

Example of large scale resistance were

i)Shona-Ndebele(Chimurenga war)1896-1897

ii)Mandinka resistance 1882-1885 and 1891-1898 led by Samori You're

iii)Nama and Herero resistance of 1904-1907 led by Hedrick witboo

iv) MajiMaji resistance 1905-1907 under Kinjeketile Ngwale

v) Ethiopia,Adowa batlle (1986) under Menelik Ii

FORMS OF AFRICAN RESISTANCE/THE TECHNIQUE/METHOD TAKEN BY AFRICAN TO REACT AGAINST COLONIAL RULE

There were various forms of resistance caused by African people to react against colonial rule.these method were as follows

I.ACTIVE RESISTANCE

Is the type of resistance were the society fought face to face with white

Example Mkwawa hehe of Iringa and chief Mangi meli

>It involved direct military anfrontation between Africa and white

II.PASSIVE RESISTANCE

This was to oppose colonial rule by not fighting instead the society destroyed European things like burning farms and building seeds

>It was submitting without shifting to show thier dissatisfaction

REASONS FOR THE AFRICANS RESISTANCE AGAINST COLONIAL

i)To oppose cruelity example all arable land was taken by white.Africa were forced to pay taxes and to over work and low salaries

ii)To protect political freedom.They wanted defend all political issues and to get democratic government that will fulfill African interest

iii) To preserve economic interest; they reacted to oppose taxes, forced labour and land alienation

iv) To defend their culture; they wanted to preserve some culture like polygamy and women circumsisiom

v) To oppose cash crop production; Africans were forced to produce cotton, sisal and coffee.example MajiMaji war

vi) To regain their lost independence;

FACTORS THAT DETERMINED THE NATURE OF AFRICAN REACTION

Enmity among Africans

Outbreak of disease

Individual interest among the leaders

Presence of missionaries

Ignorance of some rula

The level of development reached

2.COLLABORATION/ALLIANCE

>Mean to make friendship with Europeans to conquer their neighbors

>The war of resisting colonial rule where two or more societies united together and oppose against colonialist

>Example in Ashanti,Oyo and Benin led to the rise of forest state,Shona and Ndebele people in Zimbabwe allied to fight against British

REASONS FOR THE AFRICANS COLLABORATION WITH THE COLONIALIST

a) Wrong Perception

>They believe that colonialist were just visitors who could go back soon to their homes

b) military motives

>The desire to get weapons (guns) example Menelik ii in Ethiopia

c) The role of missionaries

>They convinced Africans to accept colonialism through schristian preaching and education

d) Enmity between tribes

>Example Sangu and Bena collaborate with Germany to fight against the Hehe

e) Natural calamities

>The society suffered from floods drought and disease where easly collaborated with whites inorder to support like food

f) The desire to be rich

>European were good in trade,so some tribes think that they would be rich by being together with whites example Buganda

g) Desire to have a peace

h) They are weak to provide resistance

i) Ignorance

WHY AFRICAN RESISTANCE FAILED?

(Reasons for the Africans defeat in the resistance)

i)poor weapons applied by Africans

ii)Morden weapons applied by whites

iii) Wrong believe eg.Kinjeketile Ngwale of MajiMaji

iv) Natural calamities

v) Disunity among the Africans

vi) Betrayal among the Africans

FORM THREE: TOPIC EROSION

Erosion is the process by which soil, rock, and other surface materials are worn away and transported from one location to another by natural forces such as wind, water, ice, or gravity¹². This process can significantly shape landscapes and lead to various environmental impacts.

### Types of Erosion
1. **Water Erosion**: Caused by rainfall, rivers, floods, and ocean waves. It includes:
   - **Rill and Gully Erosion**: Small channels formed by running water.
   - **Riverbank Erosion**: The wearing away of riverbanks.
   - **Coastal Erosion**: The removal of coastal land by wave action.

2. **Wind Erosion**: Common in arid and semi-arid regions, where strong winds can transport loose soil and sand over long distances.

3. **Glacial Erosion**: Occurs when glaciers move, scraping and grinding the earth beneath them.

4. **Gravity Erosion**: Includes landslides and rockfalls, where gravity causes materials to move down slopes.

### Human Impact
Human activities, such as deforestation, overgrazing, and poor agricultural practices, have accelerated erosion rates¹. This can lead to:
- Loss of fertile topsoil.
- Reduced agricultural productivity.
- Sedimentation in waterways, which can cause flooding and damage aquatic habitats.

### Prevention and Mitigation
To combat erosion, various strategies can be employed:
- **Planting Vegetation**: Roots help to hold soil in place.
- **Terracing**: Creating stepped levels on slopes to reduce runoff.
- **Using Erosion Control Fabrics**: These materials stabilize soil and prevent erosion.
- **Building Retaining Walls**: Structures that support soil and prevent landslides.

Understanding and managing erosion is crucial for maintaining healthy ecosystems and sustainable land use.

Wind erosion can create several distinct geological features. Here are some of the main ones:

1. **Ventifacts**: These are rocks that have been shaped and polished by wind-driven sand. They often have flat, smooth surfaces on the side facing the wind².
2. **Rock Pedestals**: Also known as mushroom rocks, these formations occur when wind-blown sand erodes the base of a rock more than its top, creating a pedestal-like shape².
3. **Zeugen**: These are ridges of hard rock that stand above the surrounding terrain because the wind has eroded the softer rock around them².
4. **Yardangs**: Similar to zeugen, yardangs are streamlined ridges formed in areas with alternating layers of hard and soft rock. The wind erodes the softer layers, leaving the harder ones standing².
5. **Deflation Hollows**: These are depressions created when wind removes loose particles from the ground, lowering the surface level².
6. **Desert Pavement**: This is a surface covered with closely packed, interlocking rock fragments left behind after wind has removed the finer particles³.

These features are most commonly found in arid regions where vegetation is sparse, allowing the wind to have a greater impact on the landscape.

Is there a specific feature you're particularly interested in?

EDUCATION AND THEIR IMPORTANT AND EFFECT CAUSED BY LACK OF EDUCATION

**Education** is the process of acquiring knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes through various forms of learning, such as formal schooling, informal learning, and life experiences¹². It is a transformative journey that shapes individuals and societies by fostering intellectual growth, critical thinking, and personal development².

Why Is Education Important? | Purpose of Education 
Importance of Education

1. **Personal Development**: Education helps individuals develop critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and the ability to make informed decisions². It also fosters creativity and intellectual curiosity.

2. **Economic Growth**: An educated workforce is essential for economic development. Education equips people with the skills needed for various jobs, driving innovation and productivity².

3. **Social Benefits**: Education promotes social cohesion and understanding by teaching social norms, values, and ethics³. It helps individuals understand their rights and responsibilities, contributing to a more just and equitable society.

4. **Health and Well-being**: Educated individuals tend to make better health choices and have access to better healthcare information, leading to improved overall health and well-being³.

5. **Empowerment**: Education empowers individuals, especially marginalized groups, by providing them with the knowledge and skills to improve their lives and advocate for their rights³.

6. **Global Awareness**: Education raises awareness of global issues such as climate change, poverty, and human rights, encouraging individuals to contribute to global solutions⁵.

Lack of education can have profound and far-reaching effects on individuals and society. Here are some key impacts:

1. **Poor Health**: Education is crucial for understanding health and hygiene. Without it, people are more susceptible to diseases and have shorter lifespans¹.
2. **Unemployment**: Those without education often struggle to find stable, well-paying jobs, leading to higher unemployment rates¹.
3. **Poverty**: A lack of education is closely linked to poverty, as it limits opportunities for economic advancement².
4. **Gender Inequality**: Education empowers women and girls. Without it, gender inequality persists, with women often facing early marriage and limited career opportunities¹.
5. **Lack of Voice**: Education provides the skills and confidence needed to advocate for oneself and participate in societal decisions³.

SARATANI(CANCER)

SARATANI ni mkusanyiko wa seli zinazoongezeka bila kufuata utaratibu wa kawaida wa mwili. Seli za saratani huota haraka na kusababisha uvimbe

Kuna aina nyingi za saratani mfano
1.saratani ya shingo ya kizazi ambayo huwapata wanawake tu
2.saratani ya matini
3.saratani ya mapafu ambayo huwapata hasa wavutaji wa sigara
4.saratani za tumbo, utumbo mkubwa na ndogo, ngozi, damu, macho na Koo

Uvimbe wa saratani unaweza kupasuka na seli zake zikaingia kwenye damu. Kisha seli hizo zinaweza kusafirishwa na kwenda kujishikiza sehemu nyingine za mwili na hapo huweza kuanzisha uvimbe sehemu nyingine.

Chanzo halisi cha saratani hakijajulikana hadi sasa. Hata hivyo vipo vitendo mbalimbali vinavyoweza kuchangia kutokea kwa saratani mwilini. Vitendo hivyo ni uvutaji wa sigara, unywaji wa pombe kupita kiasi na kutokula matunda na vyakula vyenye nyuzinyuzi, kama vile nafaka zisizokobolewa na mbogamboga, kula vyakula vilivyokobolewa na kuongezwa kemikali, kukaa juani na kupigwa na mionzi mikali ya jua na uasherati

Dalili za saratani
-homa, uchovu kupitia kiasi, kupungua uzito, uvimbe na maumivu,
NB:dalili hizi zinaweza kuwa za magonjwa mengine mbalimbali,vipimo vya hospitali tu ndivyo vitakavyothibitisha endapo mtu ana saratani au la

Kinga na tiba ya saratani

• Ugonjwa wa saratani unaweza kuzuilika kwa kuepuka vitendo vinavyochangia kupata saratani,kwa mfano uvutaji wa sigara na ulevi
• Ugonjwa huu ukiwahi unaweza kutibika hospitalini kwa njia ya operation,mionzi au kemikali na
• Ulaji wa chakula bora ni njia nzuri ya kuepuka saratani

MICHORO MBALIMBALI YA KISAYANSI ELIMU MSINGI

 Kwa mahitaji ya baadhi ya michoro ya somo la sayansi inapatikana hapa

DOWNLOAD HERE

VITABU VYA KUFUNDISHIA NA KUJIFUNZIA ELIMU YA MSINGI|TET VITABU

 Kwa vitabu vya kufundishia na kujifunzia elimu ya msingi kwa madarasa ya awali hadi vi ingia katika Link hizi kupakua

DARASA LA AWALI DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA KWANZA MTAALA MPYA DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA KWANZA MTAALA WA ZAMANI DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA PILI MTAALA MPYA DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA PILI MTAALA WA ZAMANI DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA TATU MTAALA MPYA  DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA TATU MTAALA WA ZAMANI DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA NNE MTAALA MPYA DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA NNE  ZAMANI DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA TANO DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA SITA DOWNLOAD HERE

DARASA LA SABA DOWNLOAD HERE

VITABU VYA ADVANCE LEVEL FORM FIVE & SIX (A-LEVEL)

 Kwa mahitaji ya vitabu vya kufundishia advance level ingia katika Link hiyo

FORM FIVE DOWNLOAD HERE

FORM SIX   DOWNLOAD HERE

VITABU VYA MASOMO YA SECONDARY

 Kwa mahitaji ya vitabu vya kufundishia masomo yote ya secondary pakua kupitia blog yetu ya

FORM ONE DOWNLOAD HERE

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FORM THREE DOWNLOAD HERE

FORM FOUR DOWNLOAD HERE

HUDUMA ZA AFYA NI NINI?

Huduma za afya ni nini?
Huduma za afya ni mahitaji mbalimbali yanayotolewa kwa jamii ili kujenga afya. Miongoni mwa huduma hizo ni elimu ya uzazi wa mpango na utoaji dawa kwa waathirika wa vvu na ukimwi.

Uzazi wa mpango ni nini?
Uzazi wa mpango ni utaratibu wa kupata watoto unaotokana na makubaliano kati ya mke na mume juu ya idadi ya watoto na muda wa kuwapata kwa kuzingatia afya ya mke na uwezo wa kuwatunza.

Njia za uzazi wa mpango
Kuna njia mbalimbali za uzazi wa mpango ambazo mke na mume wanaweza kukubaliana kuzitumia. Njia hizo ni kama vile

1.Njia za asili za uzazi wa mpango
Ni njia ambazo zinazuia mke kupata mimba bila kutumia dawa au vifaa maalumu. Zifuatazo ni baadhi ya njia za asili:

(i) kutojamiiana wakati wa kupindi cha hatari
Mzunguko mmoja wa hedhi huwa siku 28 kwa baadhi ya wanawake tangu hedhi ya moja hadi nyingine
(ii) Kutomwaga gametiume kwenye uke wakati wa kujamiiana
(iii) Mama kuendelea kumnyonyesha mtoto ipasavyo. Anapomnyonyesha mtoto ipasavyo hedhi hukoma mpaka atakapomwachisha kunyonya

2.Njia za kisasa za uzazi wa mpango
Ni njia ambazo hujumuisha matumizi ya vifaa na dawa.vifaa hivyo ni kama vile
(i) kondomu: kondomu huvaliwa na mwanaume au mwanamke wakati wa tendo la kujamiiana.hivyo manii hayaingii ukeni

Faida za kutumia kondomu

• Huzuia mimba na baadhi ya magonjwa ya zinaa
• Haihitaji kwenda kumuona daktari
• Hupatikana kwa urahisi

Madhara
Huhamasisha ukahaba na umalaya

(ii) Kiwambo: kiwambo huwekwa ndani ya uke kwenye seviksi ili kuzuia manii kuingia

Faida za kutumia kiwambo

• Huzuia kansa ya shingo ya kizazi kwa kiasi FulaniMadhara ya kutumia kiwambo

Madhara ya kutumia kiwambo

• Kinaweza kuwekwa vibaya na kuruhusu mimba kutunga

(iii) Kitanzi:ni kipande cha plastiki ambacho mwanamke huwekewa na daktari kwenye uterasi ili kuzuia manii na mayai ya mwanamke kukutana na hivyo kuzuia utungisho, pia huzuia yai lililorutubishwa kushikilia kwenye uterasi

Faida za kutumia kitanzi

• Kikishawekwa hakuna haja ya kufanya kitu chochote cha ziada
• Kina uhakika mkubwa wa kuzuia mimba 

Madhara ya kutumia kitanzi

• Huweza kusababisha maumivu na damu nyingi wakati wa hedhi
• Huweza kuleta maambukizi katika kizazi yanayoweza kuleta utasa
• Kama mimba ikitokea inaweza kuwa kwenye mirija ya falopio

(iv) Vidonge:hivi humezwa na mwanamke kila siku kimoja ili kuzuia yai kupevuka

Faida za kutumia Vidonge

• Ni rahisi kutumia, huzuia mimba na huweza kuzuia baadhi ya uvimbe

Madhara ya kutumia Vidonge

• Huweza kusababisha aina fulani ya uvimbe, shinikizo la damu na damu kuganda
• Ni rahisi kusahau kumeza Vidonge
• Vinahitaji kutumiwa kila siku

(v) Kukata mirija:hii ni operesheni ya hospitali kwa ajili ya Kukata mirija ya falopio ya mwanamke na mirija ya manii kwa mwanaume

Faida za Kukata mirija ya manii na falopio

• Ina uhakika wa 100% wa kuzuia mimba

Madhara ya Kukata mirija ya manii na falopio

• Si rahisi kuja kuunganisha tena mirija ya manii na falopio kama watataka kuzaa tena

FAIDA ZA UZAZI WA MPANGO

1.kujenga afya

2.upatikanaji wa mahitaji

3.Mafanikio ya kiuchumi

4.kuepuka maradhi

5.kuwa na amani na upendo

MADHARA YA KUTOPANGA UZAZI

1.kuwa na afya dunia

2.kukosa mahitaji ya msingi

3.kuwa na umaskini

4.kukumbwa na maradhi mbalimbali

5.kukosa amani na upendo ndani ya familia 

SCRAMBLE FOR AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

What is scramble?
Is the process of struggle inorder to get something of great value.So the European powers had scramble for the African colonies.

What is Partition?
Is the process of something to be divide. The European powers had divide African continent in the 19th century.

CAUSES/FACTORS/REASON FOR SCRAMBLE, PARTITION AND COLONIZATION OF AFRICA

The African continent was colonised (scramble and partition) bye the Imperialist during the second half of the 19th century because of two (2)factors

             (i)Afro-centric views

             (ii)Euro-centric views

I. AFRO-CENTRIC VIEWS 

Those were the factors given out by Africans concerning with scramble for and partition of Africa during the 19th century. 

>The views they said Africa would colonized due to industrial revolution in Europe were they needed

   (i)Raw materials

   (ii) Cheap labours

   (iii) Need for market

   (iv)Area for investments

   (v) European population pressure

II.THE EURO-CENTRIC VIEWS

>These are opinion given out by the Europeans concerning with the colonisation of Africa.Where they said that thus colonized due to

(i) Balance of nature**they said that, no any European nation from the 19th century was required colonised the other, hence according to this polut European decided to come in Africa. 

(ii)Strategic reasons**This was due to the fact that the African continent had several kind of richness like fertile land and minerals.

(iii) Superiority factor**They came in Africa as they wanted to show that whit race were better and powerful than black color. 

(iv)To spread Christianity**They said that they came in Africa to spread word of God to African countries.

(v) National prestige**The possession of colonies was considered as a symbol of greatness and respect example Germany and Italy

(vi) Balance of power**The balance of power was disrupted by France-Prussian war of 1870-1871(war between France and Germany), where by Germany rose power of controlins two provinces of Alsace and Lorraine for production of cool and iron after defeaties France.So the France scrambled for colonies to regain power and compasate for the 1st provinces.

(vii) Need to abolish slave trade**They need to stop slave trade and introduce testimato trade to spread civilization in Africa countries which was known as the Dark continent.

(viii) The roles of colonial agents**

(ix) Shift in balance of power**

(X)The Berlin conference**

STRATEGIC AREAS WHERE CAPITALIST SCRAMBLED TO ACQUIRES (COLONIES) OF GREAT VALUE

>Among of those strategic where

a) Egypt-it scrambled by British and French because of the Suez canal

b) South Africa-scrambled by Dutch due to availability of gold and diamonds.

c) The Congo basin-scrambled by France and Portugal due to gold and copper and navigable river.

d)Niger valley-scrambled by British, France and Germany because of navigable agriculture and high population

e)East Africa-scrambled by British and Germany due to availability of fertile land, fresh water and population.

REASON FOR SOME AREA IN AFRICA TO EXPERIENCE MORE INTENSIVE SCRAMBLE

>The reason are as follows

i) Fertile land**-The parts of Kenya, Zimbabwe experience intensive scramble due to its fertile land

ii) Minerals**-example South Africa where Dutch scrambled with British company in it's due to Diamonds

iii) Climatic condition**The area with moderate temperature, enough rainfall which was suitable in agriculture where activities where scrambled intensively

iv) Population increase**The area with high population like Egypt, South Africa and Niger had got intensive scramble because they ensuret to get labour power

v) Large space for market**The area like Egypt and South Africa scrambled by many nations due to its population with provide market for their goods.

vi) Navigable river**example Congo river, Nile river

THE EFFECT/IMPACT/OUTCOME OF THE SCRAMBLE AND PARTITION OF AFRICA

The effect were

i) Creation of boundaries

ii) Spread of western culture

iii) Occurrence of first world war in 1914

iv) Economic and Political dependence

v)Loss of control of our affairs

vi) Civil war and Political instability

DRAINED PATTERN

A **drainage pattern** refers to the arrangement of rivers, streams, and lakes in a particular drainage basin. These patterns are shaped by the topography, geology, and gradient of the land. Here are some common types of drainage patterns:

1. **Dendritic Pattern**: Resembles the branches of a tree and is the most common type. It forms in regions with uniform material where the river channels follow the slope of the terrain.

2. **Trellised Pattern**: Features parallel main streams with short tributaries meeting at right angles. This pattern typically develops in areas with alternating bands of hard and soft rock.

3. **Rectangular Pattern**: Characterized by right-angle bends and tributaries. It forms in regions with a rectangular grid of faults or joints.

4. **Radial Pattern**: Streams radiate outward from a central high point, like a volcano or dome.

5. **Centripetal Pattern**: Streams converge into a central basin, often found in areas with a central depression.

6. **Annular Pattern**: Forms a ring-like pattern around a central high point, typically in areas with dome or basin structures.

7. **Parallel Pattern**: Streams run parallel to each other, usually found in regions with a steep slope.

8. **Barbed Pattern**: Tributaries flow in the opposite direction to the main stream, often due to river capture.

9. **Pinnate Pattern**: Resembles the veins of a leaf, with many small tributaries joining a main stream.

10. **Herringbone Pattern**: Similar to the barbed pattern but more symmetrical, often found in areas with alternating hard and soft rock layers¹²³.

¹: [Geography Notes](https://dasolverliveblog.blogspot.com

UKIMWI

**Ukimwi (UKIMWI)** ni kifupisho cha "Upungufu wa Kinga Mwilini" na ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na virusi vya HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Virusi hivi hushambulia mfumo wa kinga ya mwili, na kuufanya mwili kushindwa kupambana na maambukizi na magonjwa mbalimbali¹.

**Njia za Maambukizi ya HIV:**

- Kufanya ngono bila kinga.

- Kuchangia sindano.

- Mama aliyeambukizwa anaweza kumwambukiza mwanawe wakati wa uja uzito, kuzaa au kunyonyesha.

- Kutangamana kwa damu au majimaji mengine ya mwili².

**Dalili za Ukimwi:**

- Kupungua uzito bila sababu.

- Homa za mara kwa mara.

- Uchovu usioelezeka.

- Kuumwa na koo na vidonda vya mdomo.

- Maambukizi ya mara kwa mara².

**Kinga na Tiba:**

- Hakuna tiba ya kuponya Ukimwi, lakini kuna dawa za kupunguza makali ya virusi (ARVs) ambazo husaidia wagonjwa kuishi maisha marefu na yenye afya zaidi.

- Kujikinga ni pamoja na kutumia kondomu, kuepuka kuchangia sindano, na kupima afya mara kwa mara².

**Madhara ya Ukimwi:**

- Husababisha vifo vya watu wengi, hasa barani Afrika.

- Huathiri uchumi na jamii kwa ujumla kutokana na kupoteza nguvu kazi¹.

Mambo ya kuzingatia kwa waathirika wanaotumia “ARV”

Waathirika wa VVU ni kundi linalohitaji kuishi kwa kufuata taratibu

zilizoainishwa na wataalamu wa afya. Mambo ya kuzingatia ni kama

yafuatayo:

1. Waathirika ni lazima wafuate ushauri wa kitaalamu wa kitabibu au

wataalamu wa afya.

2. Waathirika wanapaswa kutumia “ARV” kwa dozi sahihi na kwa muda

sahihi. Dawa zitumike kama ilivyoelekezwa na daktari au mtaalamuwa afya. Hii itasaidia kuboresha afya na kupunguza uwezekano wa

VVU kuwa sugu kwa dawa zinazotumika.

3. Waathirika wachukue tahadhari kwa kujikinga ili wasipate

maambukizi mapya na kuambukiza wengine.

4. Mwathirika asiache kutumia dawa kwa muda na kisha kurudia tena

dawa hizo bila ushauri wa daktari au mtaalamu wa afya.

5. Waathirika wa VVU watoe taarifa kwa daktari au watoa huduma

kuhusu matatizo na athari za “ARV” endapo zitajitokeza.

6. Waathirika waepuke kufuata imani na mila potofu za jadi au za dini

zinazozuia kuwa mfuasi mzuri wa “ARV”.

7. Waathirika wafuate ratiba ya kwenda kliniki ya dawa za “ARV” bila

kukosa.

8. Waathirika wazingatie kanuni za afya kwa mfano, kuzingatia usafi

wa mwili, lishe bora na mazingira safi.

9. Waathirika wanashauriwa kuendelea kuishi kwa matumaini na

wasikate tamaa.

10. Mtumiaji wa “ARV” haruhusiwi kushirikiana dawa zake za “ARV” na Kujali watu wanaotumia dawa za “ARV”

Waathirika wa VVU wanaotumia “ARV” wanahitaji kuthaminiwa na jamii.

Ili kuwajali watu wanaotumia dawa za “ARV” ni muhimu sana kuwasaidia

pale wanapohitaji msaada.

Tunaweza kuwajali kwa kufanya yafuatayo:

1. Kuambatana nao wanapohitaji kusindikizwa kwenda kliniki kuchukua

2. Tuwasaidie wanapohitaji kuelekezwa matumizi sahihi ya “ARV”.

3. Kuwapatia chakula bora na kwa wakati.

4. Kuwakumbusha muda sahihi wa kumeza dawa pale wanaposahau.

5. Kuwahamasisha kuendelea na matumizi ya dawa.

6. Kuepuka kuwanyanyapaa walioathirika na VVU.

Umuhimu wa ushauri unaotolewa na daktari kwa watumiaji

wa “ARV”

Ni muhimu sana kuzingatia na kufuata ushauri unaotolewa na daktari au

mtaalamu wa afya kwa mtumiaji wa “ARV”. Ushauri wa daktari unamsaidia

mtumiaji wa “ARV” aweze kufanya yafuatayo:

1. Kutumia dawa kwa kipimo na wakati sahihi.

2. Kuelewa maendeleo ya afya yake.

3. Kuepuka kufuata mila potofu zinazozuia kuwa mfuasi mzuri wa

“ARV”.

4. Kuboresha afya na kupunguza uwezekano wa VVU kuwa sugu kwa

dawa anazotumia.

5. Kutokata tamaa.

Sehemu A: Chagua jibu sahihi katika maswali haya.

NISHATI YA UMEME

Umeme ni nini?

Ni mtiririko wa elektoni katika sakiti.nishati hii ni nishati inayoweza kubadilishwa kuwa aina nyingine ya nishati kama vile joto mwanga na sauti

AINA ZA UMEME

1.Umeme Tuli.       2.Umeme tiririka

UMEME TULI

Ni Umeme ambao hutokana na msuguano wa maada.mfano msuguano kati ya matone ya maji yaliopo angani kwenye mawingu na hewa husababisha mkusanyiko wa chaji katika mawingu. Mawingu hayo yanaposuguana husababisha kutokea kwa Radi. Hivyo radi ni umeme Tuli. Umeme tuli chaji zake hazitiririki. 

UMEME TIRIRIKA

Ni Umeme ambao hutokana na mtiririko wa elektoni. Umeme tiririka ni waaina mbili ambao ni

1.umeme mkondo mnyoofu (DC)

2.umeme mkondo geu (AC)

Umeme tiririka huzalishwa kwa kutumia

(a) mitambo inayoendeshwa kwa nguvu za maji,upepo,fueli na gesi 

(b) Nishati ya jua

(c)Seli kavu au seli za maji

(d) Dainamo ya baiskeli

SAKITI

Ni njia maalumu ya Umeme

AINA ZA SAKITI

1.Sakiti mfuatano 2.sakiti sambamba

1.SAKITI MFUATANO

Ni sakiti yenye njia moja tu ya Umeme 

Hasara za sakiti hii

1.kikiza kimoja kikiungua kingine hakitaendelea kuwaka kwa sababu kuna mkondo mmoja tu wa umeme

2.kadri unavyoongeza vikinza voltage hupungua

2.SAKITI SAMBAMBA

Ni sakiti yenye njia zaidi ya moja ya Umeme

Faida za sakiti sambamba

1.kikinza kimoja kikiungua kingine kitaendelea kuwaka kwa sababu kuna mikondo tofauti ya umeme

2.kiasi cha voltage katika matawi yote ya sakiti kinalingana

3.ukinzani hupungua kadri unavyoongeza vikinza

Hasara za sakiti sambamba

1.sakiti inaweza kuzidiwa kwa sababu ya kuongezeka kwa mkondo wa umeme kwa kila kifaa kitumiacho umeme kinapoongezeka.

UCHUNGUZI WA KISAYANSI

Uchunguzi wa kisayansi
Ni kitendo cha kutafuta majibu ya maswali kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali za kitafiti.Utafiti unahusisha kutafuta taarifa kwa lengo la kujenga maarifa mapya au kuboresha maarifa yaliopo. Uchunguzi wa kisayansi hutumia njia na hatua zenye mpangilio maalumu ili kutafuta majibu ya maswali. Mfano wa maswali hayo ni kwa nini mtu huugua, kwa nini mvua hunyesha, kwa nini tunda hudondoka kwenye mti kuelekea chini.

Sababu za kufanya uchunguzi wa kisayansi 
1.kutafuta majibu ya maswali ya kisayansi
2.kutafuta maarifa au mawazo mapya
3.kuthibitisha au kukanusha kanuni za kisayansi
4.kuthibitisha dhanio au kufafanua matukio ya asili

Mahitaji ya kufanyia uchunguzi wa kisayansi 
1.viumbehai mfano mimea au sehemu za mmea na wanyama au sehemu za mnyama
2.vitu visivyo hai mfano udongo, mawe, maji, tindikari, nyongo
3.vifaa mbalimbali vya kupitia mfano futikamba, saa, mizani, kipimajoti, bika, lenzi, hadubini, chips, jokofu
4.vifaa vya kurekodia data wakati wa uchunguzi wa kisayansi mfano daftari kalamu, kalamu rashasha na penseli

HATUA ZA KUFANYA UCHUNGUZI WA KISAYANSI
1.Kubaini tatizo
2.kubuni dhanio
3.kuandaa mahitaji ya jaribio
4.kufanya jaribio na kukusanya data
5.kuchambua data
6.kutafsiri matokeo
7.hitimisho
8.Kuandaa taarifa 
JINSI YA KUANDIKA TAARIFA YA UCHUNGUZI
1.Lengo/kusudi la uchunguzi
2.vifaa vilivyotumika katika uchunguzi
3.hatua/njia zilizotumika wakati wa kufanya uchunguzi
4.matokeo ya uchunguzi
5.hitimisho

GEOGRAPHY NOTES RIVER REGIME

Meaning of River Regime 
Refers to the seasonal fluctuation of water volume in the river.

      TYPES OF RIVER REGIME 
The following are three major types of River Regimes
1.Simple river regime
2.Double river regime
3.Complex river regime

               1.SIMPLE RIVER REGIME 
Is a regime in which there is one period of maximum volume of water on rain season and one period of maximum volume of water on dry season. Example Ruvuma and Ruaha river in Tanzania

               2.DOUBLE RIVER REGIME 
This occurs where a river attains double maximum and minimum of water volume.The increase of water volume is a resulting from early summer snow,melt and Autumn-Winter rains like Rhine river in Europe.      A period of maxima volume of water occurs along the equatorial zone like Congo river and Amazon experience maxima on March and September 

               3.COMPLEX REGIME 
Is a regime of rivers passing through various climatic regions. The Rivers have several periods of maximum volume of water since their tributaries flow through regions with different rain season. Example river Nile in Africa and Mississippi river in USA.

FACTOS AFFECTING RIVER REGIME INCLUDE
1.Climate
2.Vegetation
3.Geology and soils
4.Land use
5.Waterabstraction and dams
6.Precipitation pattern
7.Human activities such as dam construction
8.Size and shape of the river basin

FACTOS AFFECTING THE WORK OF RIVER
1.Velocity of water; Erosion and transportation are both maximum when velocity is high.deposition take place when velocity of water is low
2.Volume of water; the large volume of water it increase the power of erosion and transportation
3.Load; load is the material transported by river

IMPACT OF RIVERS TO HUMAN LIFE 

River have both positive and negative impact to human life

Positive impact of rivers 

1.Rivers provide water for domestic uses such as cooking,drinking and washing
2.River provide ideal sites for the generation of Hydroelectric power (H.E.P) example pangani and kihansi in Tanzania and Victoria falls along Zambia-Zimbabwe border 
3.Alluvial deposits provide fertile soils which are suitable for crops farming example Rufiji in Tanzania, Nile valley in Egypt.
4.Rivers are sources of water for irrigation scheme. Example kilombelo sugarcane plantation in Tanzania and Gezira scheme in Sudan get water from the Blue Nile.
5.Rivers provide a habitat for equatic organism such as fish and frogs example kihansi frogs